Improving Segmentation in DICOM with Label Maps
Various means of encoding segments in DICOM are explored, with a focus on introducing label maps for efficient processing in non-overlapping use cases. Design decisions, such as reusing existing Segmentation IOD and supporting color through PALETTE COLOR Photometric Interpretation, are also discussed. Out-of-scope considerations include more efficient instance descriptions and potential future support for higher bit depth segmentation.
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Label Map Segmentation DICOM WG 6 David Clunie Presentation of Letter Ballot Draft to WG 6 2024/05
Various means of encoding segments Previously: bitplanes encoding each segment (1 bit or fractional) allows for overlap, even if uncommon Proposed: label map, in which each pixel has index into segments compact and efficient to process for non-overlapping use case very common pattern in applications that create/use segmentations
Segment 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Segment 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Segment 3 0 1 0 1 2 3 N 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 N 0 1 2 Segment N 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Multiple non-overlapping BINARY SEG Frames Single LABELMAP SEG Frame
Design Decisions Re-use as much of existing Segmentation IOD as possible New SOP Class Documented as multiple SOP Classes, same IOD Requirements conditioned on LABELMAP Segmentation Type 8 or 16 bit (not more) Segment Number not required to start at and increment by 1 Color support through PALETTE COLOR Photometric Interpretation If label maps overlap, separate instances are needed
Out of Scope (for this development cycle) More efficient description of instance rather than class segments e.g., thousands (millions) of nuclei without repeating segment sequence item describing category/property More segments than 16 bit unsigned pixel will support 32 bit might be needed in future for lots of instance segments Palette Color limited to 16 bits max at present Improvements related to Per-Frame Functional Groups Sequence which gets bulky with lots of frames Relationships between segments A contained within, overlaps, B, etc.
