The Holocaust: A Comprehensive Overview

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The Holocaust
By Rachel Belsky, Steve McManus, and
Sam Benner
The Holocaust…
Genocide of European Jews by the Nazi
Germans
Holocaust during WWII is most
prominently known, although there
were many Holocausts
1933 - 9 million Jews in Europe
1945 - 3 million Jews in Europe left
Other groups were attacked besides
Jews - Roma (Gypsies), Homosexuals,
Poles, Soviet POWs, Jehovah’s
Witnesses, mentally and/or physically
disabled, Communists
1948 - 1951: 700,000 Jews emigrated to
Israel, as well as the United States and
other nations
Hitler & Intentions
Hitler, head of the Nazi party during WWII, blamed the Jews
for Germany’s problems
In his mind, solution to Germany’s problems was to drive
the Jews out of Germany
Although not blonde haired, blue eyed himself, Hitler
classified blonde, blue eyed people as the superior race and
the only race that would represent Germany
When Jewish emigration from Germany didn’t progress as
much as he would like, his intentions became to turn the
Holocaust into a massive genocide
The United States did not intervene as they remained
isolationists due to the Depression that occurred several
years earlier
Timeline
1933
Nazi party gained power
 
First concentration camp established in Nazi Germany at Dachau
1934 
 
Hitler declared himself president and chancellor of 3rd Reich
1938 
 
Kristallnacht: Nazi organized nation-wide pogroms - burned hundreds of
synagogues and looted and destroyed many Jewish homes, schools, and
community offices
All Jewish children expelled from German schools and could only attend separate
Jewish schools
1939 
 
Germans forced Jews in Poland to wear a yellow Star of David
1942 
German government closed all Jewish schools
All Jews in concentration camps in Germany sent to Auschwitz
Final Solution took place: murder of Jews of Europe by gassing, shooting, and other
means
1945
Nazis started “death marches”
Yellow star Jews had to wear as an
identifying patch
Nuremburg Laws
1935 - Hitler and Nazi Party stripped Jews
of their civil rights
Nuremberg Laws separated Jews from the
Germans completely
Germans began using ancestral race and
family roots instead of religious practice
to define Jews
If someone in your family was at all Jewish
you were defined and treated as a Jew
Laws forbade the marriage between Jews
and non Jews
Hitler warned the Jews in his speech that
if this did not resolve the problem they
would have to resort to a Final Solution
U.S. could have saved millions of lives but
instead remained “isolated”
Ghettos
Enclosed city districts in which the Germans forced the
Jewish population
Ghettos isolated Jews by separating Jewish communities
from non-Jewish populations and neighboring Jewish
communities
Nazis established over 400 ghettos
Germans created ghettos to control and segregate Jews
1942 - Germans destroyed ghettos and deported Jews to
extermination camps where they killed them
Ghettos were closed off by walls, barbed-wire fences, or
gates
Ghettos were extremely crowded and unsanitary
Repeated outbreaks of diseases and high death rates
because of starvation, chronic shortages, and severe winter
weather
Warsaw Ghetto - largest ghetto in Poland where 450,000
Jews were crowded into an area of 1.3 square miles
Nazis ordered Jews to wear identifying badges or armbands
and also required many Jews to perform forced labor for
the German Reich
Members of the Jewish resistance staged armed uprisings
 
Jews carrying bundles of possessions before their deportation
from the Kovno ghetto, Lithuania, October 1943
   
 
“Word From the Ghetto”
    
Jan Karski (1914-2000)
1942 - Jan Karski sent to London and Washington to inform them of
what Germany was capable of (military wise) and the destruction of the
Jews
London, 1942 - Karski met with Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and
Lord Selborne who was in charge of anti-Nazi movements
”He [Selborne] didn’t believe me. Those people honestly don’t believe
me. They thought I was exaggerating out of hatred of the Germans. That
this was just propaganda.”
Washington, 1943 - Karski met with Supreme Court Justice Felix
Frankfurter
“…I must say that I’m unable to believe what you told me.”
July 28 - FDR summoned Karski to White House
Karski said, “He asked questions, questions, but not a single question
about the Jews. I realized he did not want to speak about the subject.”
“You will tell the leaders we shall win this war! You will tell them that the
guilty ones will be punished. Justice and freedom shall prevail. You will
tell your nation that they have a friend in this house.”
Jan Karski (1942)
“Night”
Elie Wiesel
 
“He told me his story and that of his companions.
The train full of deportees had crossed the Hungarian
frontier and on Polish territory had been taken in charge by
the Gestapo. There it had stopped. The Jews had to get out
and climb into lorries. The lorries drove toward a forest. The
Jews were made to get out. They were made to dig huge
graves. And when they had finished their work, the Gestapo
began theirs. Without passion, without haste, they
slaughtered their prisoners. Each one had to go up to the
hole and present his neck. Babies were thrown into the air
and the machine gunners used them as targets…Through
long days and nights, he went from one Jewish house to
another, telling the story of Malka, the young girl who had
taken three days to die, and of Tobias, the tailor, who had
begged to be killed before his sons…People refused not only
to believe his stories, but even to listen to them.”
Concentration Camps
Deportees usually not given food or water for the journey
Suffered from overcrowding
Endured intense heat during the summer and freezing
temperatures during the winter
No sanitary facility except a bucket
Many of the deportees died before the trains reached
their destinations because of lack of food and water
Accompanied by armed police guards who had orders to
shoot anyone who tried to escape
People were forced to march when trains were not
available and the distances were short
Germans attempted to disguise deportations as a
"resettlement" of the Jewish population in labor camps in
the "East.”
December 1941 - July 1942: Nazis established
extermination camps in occupied Poland
Extermination camps aka “death factories” created for
mass murder of people
About 8,000 Jews gassed daily at extermination camps
Kristallnacht
Crucial turning point in German policy regarding
Jews
Considered actual beginning of Holocaust
Set of anti-semitic laws were passed which were
to “Aryanize” German economy
Over 191 synagogues set afire and 76 destroyed
More than 7,500 Jewish businesses looted and
over 800 ruined
Almost 100 Jews were killed or seriously injured
30,000 Jews rounded up and sent to
concentration camps
The Jewish communities of Germany were
assessed one billion marks to pay for the damage
claims of non-Jews
Burning of a synagogue during Kristallnacht
Nuremburg Trials
Nuremberg, Germany
Took place from 1945-1946
Those responsible for crimes committed
during Holocaust were brought to trial after
war
Judges from Allied countries Great Britain,
France, Soviet Union, and the U.S. presided
over hearings of 22 major Nazi criminals
Twelve Nazis sentenced to death
Most defendants admitted to crimes of
which they were accused but most claimed
they were simply following orders of higher
authority
Individuals directly involved in killings
received most severe sentences
Others who played key roles in Holocaust
received short prison sentences or no
penalty at all
What should U.S. action have
been? What did we know? Why
did we respond the way we did?
Discussion Questions
Slide Note
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The Holocaust was a tragic chapter in history where millions of Jews and other groups were targeted and persecuted by the Nazi regime during World War II. This summary covers key events such as the rise of the Nazi party, establishment of concentration camps, Nuremberg Laws, and the Final Solution. Hitler's anti-Semitic beliefs and intentions, along with the timeline of events leading to the genocide, are highlighted. The impact of the Holocaust on European Jews and the world is profound, with lasting effects on society and international relations.

  • Holocaust
  • Nazi Germany
  • Genocide
  • World War II
  • Anti-Semitism

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  1. The Holocaust By Rachel Belsky, Steve McManus, and Sam Benner

  2. The Holocaust Genocide of European Jews by the Nazi Germans Holocaust during WWII is most prominently known, although there were many Holocausts 1933 - 9 million Jews in Europe 1945 - 3 million Jews in Europe left Other groups were attacked besides Jews - Roma (Gypsies), Homosexuals, Poles, Soviet POWs, Jehovah s Witnesses, mentally and/or physically disabled, Communists 1948 - 1951: 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel, as well as the United States and other nations

  3. Hitler & Intentions Hitler, head of the Nazi party during WWII, blamed the Jews for Germany s problems In his mind, solution to Germany s problems was to drive the Jews out of Germany Although not blonde haired, blue eyed himself, Hitler classified blonde, blue eyed people as the superior race and the only race that would represent Germany When Jewish emigration from Germany didn t progress as much as he would like, his intentions became to turn the Holocaust into a massive genocide The United States did not intervene as they remained isolationists due to the Depression that occurred several years earlier

  4. Timeline 1933 Nazi party gained power First concentration camp established in Nazi Germany at Dachau 1934 Hitler declared himself president and chancellor of 3rd Reich 1938 Kristallnacht: Nazi organized nation-wide pogroms - burned hundreds of synagogues and looted and destroyed many Jewish homes, schools, and community offices All Jewish children expelled from German schools and could only attend separate Jewish schools 1939 Germans forced Jews in Poland to wear a yellow Star of David 1942 German government closed all Jewish schools All Jews in concentration camps in Germany sent to Auschwitz Yellow star Jews had to wear as an identifying patch Final Solution took place: murder of Jews of Europe by gassing, shooting, and other means 1945 Nazis started death marches

  5. Nuremburg Laws 1935 - Hitler and Nazi Party stripped Jews of their civil rights Nuremberg Laws separated Jews from the Germans completely Germans began using ancestral race and family roots instead of religious practice to define Jews If someone in your family was at all Jewish you were defined and treated as a Jew Laws forbade the marriage between Jews and non Jews Hitler warned the Jews in his speech that if this did not resolve the problem they would have to resort to a Final Solution U.S. could have saved millions of lives but instead remained isolated

  6. Ghettos Enclosed city districts in which the Germans forced the Jewish population Ghettos isolated Jews by separating Jewish communities from non-Jewish populations and neighboring Jewish communities Nazis established over 400 ghettos Germans created ghettos to control and segregate Jews 1942 - Germans destroyed ghettos and deported Jews to extermination camps where they killed them Ghettos were closed off by walls, barbed-wire fences, or gates Ghettos were extremely crowded and unsanitary Repeated outbreaks of diseases and high death rates because of starvation, chronic shortages, and severe winter weather Jews carrying bundles of possessions before their deportation from the Kovno ghetto, Lithuania, October 1943 Warsaw Ghetto - largest ghetto in Poland where 450,000 Jews were crowded into an area of 1.3 square miles Nazis ordered Jews to wear identifying badges or armbands and also required many Jews to perform forced labor for the German Reich Members of the Jewish resistance staged armed uprisings

  7. Word From the Ghetto Jan Karski (1914-2000) 1942 - Jan Karski sent to London and Washington to inform them of what Germany was capable of (military wise) and the destruction of the Jews London, 1942 - Karski met with Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and Lord Selborne who was in charge of anti-Nazi movements He [Selborne] didn t believe me. Those people honestly don t believe me. They thought I was exaggerating out of hatred of the Germans. That this was just propaganda. Washington, 1943 - Karski met with Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter I must say that I m unable to believe what you told me. July 28 - FDR summoned Karski to White House Karski said, He asked questions, questions, but not a single question about the Jews. I realized he did not want to speak about the subject. Jan Karski (1942) You will tell the leaders we shall win this war! You will tell them that the guilty ones will be punished. Justice and freedom shall prevail. You will tell your nation that they have a friend in this house.

  8. Night Elie Wiesel The train full of deportees had crossed the Hungarian frontier and on Polish territory had been taken in charge by the Gestapo. There it had stopped. The Jews had to get out and climb into lorries. The lorries drove toward a forest. The Jews were made to get out. They were made to dig huge graves. And when they had finished their work, the Gestapo began theirs. Without passion, without haste, they slaughtered their prisoners. Each one had to go up to the hole and present his neck. Babies were thrown into the air and the machine gunners used them as targets Through long days and nights, he went from one Jewish house to another, telling the story of Malka, the young girl who had taken three days to die, and of Tobias, the tailor, who had begged to be killed before his sons People refused not only to believe his stories, but even to listen to them. He told me his story and that of his companions.

  9. Concentration Camps Deportees usually not given food or water for the journey Suffered from overcrowding Endured intense heat during the summer and freezing temperatures during the winter No sanitary facility except a bucket Many of the deportees died before the trains reached their destinations because of lack of food and water Accompanied by armed police guards who had orders to shoot anyone who tried to escape People were forced to march when trains were not available and the distances were short Germans attempted to disguise deportations as a "resettlement" of the Jewish population in labor camps in the "East. December 1941 - July 1942: Nazis established extermination camps in occupied Poland Extermination camps aka death factories created for mass murder of people About 8,000 Jews gassed daily at extermination camps

  10. Kristallnacht Crucial turning point in German policy regarding Jews Considered actual beginning of Holocaust Set of anti-semitic laws were passed which were to Aryanize German economy Over 191 synagogues set afire and 76 destroyed More than 7,500 Jewish businesses looted and over 800 ruined Almost 100 Jews were killed or seriously injured 30,000 Jews rounded up and sent to concentration camps Burning of a synagogue during Kristallnacht The Jewish communities of Germany were assessed one billion marks to pay for the damage claims of non-Jews

  11. Nuremburg Trials Nuremberg, Germany Took place from 1945-1946 Those responsible for crimes committed during Holocaust were brought to trial after war Judges from Allied countries Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, and the U.S. presided over hearings of 22 major Nazi criminals Twelve Nazis sentenced to death Most defendants admitted to crimes of which they were accused but most claimed they were simply following orders of higher authority Individuals directly involved in killings received most severe sentences Others who played key roles in Holocaust received short prison sentences or no penalty at all

  12. Discussion Questions What should U.S. action have been? What did we know? Why did we respond the way we did?

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