Toolpaths and Slicing in 3D Printing

 
TOOLPATHS
 
3D Printing with Plastic Filament
+X
-X
+Z
+E
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Slicing
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Uniform slicing
 
•
Fixed thickness (typically from 0,1 to 0,3 mm)
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Slice plane
 
[Cute Octopus Says Hello (
MakerBot
) / 
CC BY 3.0
]
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Upon printing
 
extruder
 
Slice slab
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Volume error
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Minimizing volume error
 
•
Optimization
–
Minimize volume error?
 
•
Variables:
–
Object orientation!
–
Slice thicknesses
 
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Adaptive slicing
 
Same number of slices
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Adaptive slicing
 
[Cute Octopus Says Hello (
MakerBot
) / 
CC BY 3.0
]
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Adaptive slicing
 
[Cute Octopus Says Hello (
MakerBot
) / 
CC BY 3.0
]
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Adaptive slicing
 
•
Faster for same precision
•
Do not waste time in ‘simple’ regions
 
•
Not so easy to determine best strategy
–
See survey by 
[P.M. Pandey et. al. 2003]
–
Recent work: 
[
Wang et. al. 2015
] 
“Saliency preserving slicing”
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Locally adaptive slicing
 
Slic3r : micro-layering
IceSL  : nested slices
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
Toolpaths
 
[Cute Octopus Says Hello (
MakerBot
) / 
CC BY 3.0
]
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Perimeter
 
Shells
 
Infill
 
Cover
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Erosion (morphological)
 
Structuring element
(nozzle exit hole)
 
Slice
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Erosion (morphological)
 
Erosion: All points where
structuring element is
entirely
 included
 
Structuring element
(nozzle exit hole)
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Perimeter
 
•
Visible part of the filament
•
Object contouring
 
Erosion!
 
(top view)
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Plastic flow
 
•
How much plastic to push?
–
Millimeters of filament (E axis)
 
Nozzle diameter
 
Layer height
 
E axis
 
FA
 
Filament diameter
 
Layer height x Nozzle diameter x L
 
L
 
FA
 
Length to push =
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
‘Thin features’
 
Disappears!!!
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
‘Thin features’
 
????
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
A possible approach
 
Skeleton
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
A possible approach
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Arbitrary decision (user?)
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Shells
 
•
More of the same
 
Note the gaps
 
Might become thin
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Infills
 
•
Top / bottom covers
 
 
 
 
•
Inside
–
Full infill (very robust, slow, lots of plastic)
–
Sparse infill (save plastic and time, less strong)
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
100% Infill
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
100% Infill
 
???
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Flow control
 
•
Limited change of thickness
 
Might not adhere
 
100%
 
50%
 
25%
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
100% Infill
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Speed
 
Faster!
 
Both axis work together: better acceleration
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Sparse Infill
 
•
Simple approach
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Sparse Infill
 
Squish!
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Sparse Infill
 
An improved variant:
 
Could be slow to print
Resonance
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Sparse Infill
 
An improved variant:
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Many other variants
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
Improving sparse infill ?
 
Tradeoff between:
–
Strength vs Plastic consumption
–
Time and printability (favor straight, diagonal lines)
 
Recent works:
–
 
[Wang et al. 2013] 
“Cost effective printing”
–
 
[Lu et al. 2014] 
“Build to last”
–
 Slic3r 3D honeycomb
 
Generates a 3D cellular pattern
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
 
New 3D infills
 
•
Just released :-)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
•
See 
http://sylefeb.blogspot.fr/
 
[3D infills, Sylvain Lefebvre, 
CC BY 4.0
]
 
CC BY-NC-ND – sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr

								

								
								

										

												
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Explore toolpaths, slicing techniques, and optimization methods in 3D printing with plastic filament. Learn about uniform slicing, volume error minimization, adaptive slicing, and locally adaptive slicing for efficient and high-quality printing results. Discover how advanced strategies can enhance printing precision and speed.


								
    
																		
  •   Toolpaths
    • 
																	
  •    Slicing
    • 
																	
  •    3D printing
    • 
																	
  •    Plastic filament
    • 
																	
  •    Optimization
    • 
																

								

								

									

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  1. TOOLPATHS 3D Printing with Plastic Filament
    2. 
            
            
            
  2. +E -X +X +Z CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    3. 
            
            
            
  3. Slicing CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    4. 
            
            
            
  4. Uniform slicing     Fixed thickness (typically from 0,1 to 0,3 mm) Z (up) axis CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    5. 
            
            
            
  5. Slice plane [Cute Octopus Says Hello (MakerBot) / CC BY 3.0] CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    6. 
            
            
            
  6. Upon printing extruder Slice slab Z (up) axis CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    7. 
            
            
            
  7. Volume error Z (up) axis CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    8. 
            
            
            
  8. Minimizing volume error     Optimization     Minimize volume error?     Variables:     Object orientation!     Slice thicknesses CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    9. 
            
            
            
  9. Adaptive slicing Same number of slices CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    10. 
            
            
            
  10. Adaptive slicing [Cute Octopus Says Hello (MakerBot) / CC BY 3.0] CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    11. 
            
            
            
  11. Adaptive slicing [Cute Octopus Says Hello (MakerBot) / CC BY 3.0] CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    12. 
            
            
            
  12. Adaptive slicing     Faster for same precision     Do not waste time in    simple    regions     Not so easy to determine best strategy     See survey by [P.M. Pandey et. al. 2003]     Recent work: [Wang et. al. 2015]    Saliency preserving slicing    CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    13. 
            
            
            
  13. Locally adaptive slicing Slic3r : micro-layering IceSL  : nested slices CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    14. 
            
            
            
  14. Toolpaths [Cute Octopus Says Hello (MakerBot) / CC BY 3.0] CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    15. 
            
            
            
  15. Shells Infill Perimeter Cover CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    16. 
            
            
            
  16. Erosion (morphological) Structuring element (nozzle exit hole) Slice CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    17. 
            
            
            
  17. Erosion (morphological) Structuring element (nozzle exit hole) Erosion: All points where  structuring element is entirely included CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    18. 
            
            
            
  18. Perimeter     Visible part of the filament     Object contouring Erosion! (top view) CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    19. 
            
            
            
  19. Plastic flow     How much plastic to push?     Millimeters of filament (E axis) E axis FA Nozzle diameter L Layer height Filament diameter Layer height x Nozzle diameter x L  Length to push = FA CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    20. 
            
            
            
  20. Thin features Disappears!!! CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    21. 
            
            
            
  21. Thin features ???? CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    22. 
            
            
            
  22. A possible approach Skeleton CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    23. 
            
            
            
  23. A possible approach CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    24. 
            
            
            
  24. Arbitrary decision (user?) CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    25. 
            
            
            
  25. Shells Note the gaps     More of the same Might become thin CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    26. 
            
            
            
  26. Infills     Top / bottom covers     Inside     Full infill (very robust, slow, lots of plastic)     Sparse infill (save plastic and time, less strong) CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    27. 
            
            
            
  27. 100% Infill CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    28. 
            
            
            
  28. 100% Infill ??? CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    29. 
            
            
            
  29. Flow control     Limited change of thickness Might not adhere 25% 100% 50% CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    30. 
            
            
            
  30. 100% Infill CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    31. 
            
            
            
  31. Speed Faster! Both axis work together: better acceleration CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    32. 
            
            
            
  32. Sparse Infill     Simple approach CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    33. 
            
            
            
  33. Sparse Infill Squish! CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    34. 
            
            
            
  34. Sparse Infill An improved variant: Could be slow to print Resonance CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    35. 
            
            
            
  35. Sparse Infill An improved variant: CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    36. 
            
            
            
  36. Many other variants CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    37. 
            
            
            
  37. Improving sparse infill ? Tradeoff between:     Strength vs Plastic consumption     Time and printability (favor straight, diagonal lines) Recent works:      [Wang et al. 2013]    Cost effective printing         [Lu et al. 2014]    Build to last         Slic3r 3D honeycomb Generates a 3D cellular pattern CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    38. 
            
            
            
  38. New 3D infills     Just released :-) [3D infills, Sylvain Lefebvre, CC BY 4.0]     See http://sylefeb.blogspot.fr/ CC BY-NC-ND     sylvain.lefebvre@inria.fr
    39. 
            
            
            
							

							

					

					
					
					

						
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