Understanding Cell Structure and Function

Explore the intricate world of cell biology through this comprehensive guide covering the definition of a cell, the characteristics of animal cells, the role of the nucleus, ribosomes, cell structure, organelles, cell membrane, and cell wall. Discover the fascinating details of eukaryotic cells and the essential functions each cell part contributes to maintaining life.

• Cell Biology
• Cell Structure
• Cell Function
• Eukaryotic Cells

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1. Cell Structure & Function

2. Definitionof Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capableof performing life functions.

3. Typical AnimalCell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

4. Cells cells -possess a membrane-boundnucleus -Are more complex than prokaryotic cells -compartmentalize functions within organelles and the endomembrane system -possess a cytoskeleton for support and to maintain cellular structure many cellular 4

5. EukaryoticCells 5

6. Cells Nucleus -Stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of multiple, linear chromosomes -Surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of 2 phospholipidbilayers -In chromosomes organized with proteins to form chromatin DNA is 6

7. Cells 7

8. Cells Ribosomes -The site of protein synthesis in the cell -Composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins -Found within the cytosol of the cytoplasm and attached to internal membranes 8

9. Cell Structure All Cells have: An membrane Genetic material in the form of DNA Cytoplasm with ribosomes outermost plasma

10. Cell Parts Organelles

11. Surroundingthe Cell

12. CellMembrane Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell Double layer http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

13. CellWall Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

14. Insidethe Cell

15. Nucleus Directs cell activities Separatedfrom cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Containsgenetic material - DNA

16. Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Openings allow material to enter nucleus and leave http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

17. Nucleolus Inside nucleus Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

18. Cytoplasm Gel-likemixture Surroundedby cell membrane Containshereditary material

19. EndoplasmicReticulum Moves materials around in cell Smooth type: lacks ribosomes Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

20. Ribosomes Each cell contains thousands Make proteins Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

21. Mitochondria Produces energy through chemical reactions breaking down fats & carbohydrates Controls level of water and other materials in cell Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

22. GolgiBodies Protein 'packaging plant' Move materials within the cell Move materials out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

23. Lysosome Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates Transports undigested materi to cell membrane for removal Cell breaks down if lysosome structure al is disrupted. http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

24. Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal Contains water solution Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

25. 1. Plasma Membrane All membranes are phospholipidbilayers with embedded proteins The outerplasma membrane isolates cell contents controls what gets in and out of the cell receives signals

26. 3. Cytoplasm with ribosomes Cytoplasm fluid area inside outer plasma membrane and outside DNA region Ribosomes make proteins

27. Cell Structure All Cells have: an outermost plasma membrane genetic material in the formof DNA cytoplasm with ribosomes

28. Why Are Cells So Small? (4.2) Cells need sufficient surface area to allow adequatetransportof nutrients in and wastes out. As cell volume increases,so does the need for the transportingof nutrients and wastes.

29. Cells Structures in all cells Nucleus Ribosomes Endomembrane System Endoplasmic reticulum smoothand rough Golgi apparatus Vesicles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton

30. NUCLEUS CYTOSKELETON RIBOSOMES ROUGH ER MITOCHONDRION CYTOPLASM SMOOTH ER CENTRIOLES GOLGI BODY LYSOSOME PLASMA MEMBRANE VESICLE Fig. 4-15b, p.59

31. Nucleus Structure Nuclear envelope Two Phospholipid bilayers with protein lined pores Each pore is a ring of 8 proteins with an opening in the center of the ring Nucleoplasm fluid of the nucleus

32. Nuclearpore bilayerfacingcytoplasm Nuclearenvelope bilayerfacing nucleoplasm Fig. 4-17, p.61

33. Nucleus DNA is arranged in chromosomes Chromosome fiber of DNAwith proteins attached Chromatin all of the cell s DNA and the associatedproteins

34. Structures of the Endomembrane System Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Continuouswith the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope Two forms - smooth and rough Transport vesicles Golgi apparatus

36. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) The ER is continuouswith the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope There are 2 types of ER: Rough ER has ribosomes attached Smooth ER no ribosomes attached

37. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) -Membranes that create a network of channels throughout the cytoplasm -Attachment of ribosomes to the membrane gives a rough appearance -Synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane

38. EndoplasmicReticulum FunctionRER Proteins are modified as they move through the RER Once modified, the proteins are packaged in transport vesicles for transport to the Golgi body

39. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) -Relatively few ribosomes attached -functions: -synthesis of membrane lipids -calcium storage -detoxification of foreign substances

40. EndomembraneSystem Function SER Lipids are made inside the SER fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols.. Lipids are packaged in transport vesicles and sent to the Golgi Smooth ER (SER) Tubular membrane structure Continuous with RER No ribosomes attached

41. EndomembraneSystem

42. EndomembraneSystem Vacuoles -membrane-boundstructures with various functionsdependingon the cell type There are different types of vacuoles: -Central vacuole in plant cells. -Contractilevacuole of some protists. -Vacuoles for storage. 42

43. EndomembraneSystem Endomembranesystem -Aseries of membranes throughoutthe cytoplasm -divides cell into compartments where different cellular functionsoccur 1. endoplasmicreticulum 2. Golgi apparatus 3. lysosomes 43

44. EndomembraneSystem Golgi apparatus -flattened stacksof interconnected membranes -packagingand distributionof materials to different parts of the cell -synthesis of cell wall components 44

45. 45

46. EndomembraneSystem Lysosomes -Membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules -destroy cells or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed by phagocytosis 46

47. 47

48. Golgi Apparatus GolgiApparatus Stack of flattened membrane sacs FunctionGolgi apparatus Completes the processing substances received from the ER Sorts, tags and packages fully processed proteins and lipids in vesicles

50. Golgi Apparatus Golgi apparatusreceives transportvesicles from the ER on one side of the organelle Vesicle binds to the first layer of the Golgi and its contents enter the Golgi

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