Cell Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Overview

B1 Cells
Found in plants
and animals
Found in plants
only
Animal and
plant cells are
eukaryotic!!!
Bacteria cells are
prokaryotic!!!
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
cells have
a cell wall
 
Plant cells
have a cell
wall
But
Animal
cells do
not
Change objective
lens changes
magnification
Do not
write
zoom!!!
Focusing knobs
makes the image
clear and in focus
Changing mm to µm   x1000
Changing mm to µm   ÷1000
Order of magnitude
10 x bigger – order of magnitude 10
1
100 x bigger – order of magnitude 10
2
Low resolution
Low magnification
Living things can be
viewed
High resolution
high magnification
Dead things only can
be viewed
Stem cell – undifferentiated cell
 
Specialised cell – cell with a specific function
 
Embryonic stem cells
Differentiate into any type of cell
 
Adult stem cells
From bone marrow
Can only differentiate into limited cells
Painful process
 
Plant stem cells
* Found in meristem
Stage 1: DNA and organelles replicate
State 2: Each set of chromosomes move to
opposite poles
Stage 3: Cytoplasm and membrane divides
Cell cycle –
use divide
not split!!!
Substance moves against the concentration
gradient- energy is needed!!!
Substance moves down the concentration
gradient- from a high to a low concentration
Water 
moves down the 
water
 concentration
gradient-from a high 
water
 to a low 
water
concentration through a 
selectively
permeable membrane
RP - osmosis
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zs6
3tv4/revision/
5
Independent
:
concentration of
sugar solution
Dependent
: %
change in mass
Control
: length and
width of potato,
volume of solution
% change in mass used
as different starting
masses
Where line
crosses x axis
is the
concentration
of sucrose in
plant tissues
Water moves
into the plant by
osmosis and the
mass increases
Water moves out
of the plant by
osmosis and the
mass decreases
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Delve into the world of cells, exploring the distinct features of animal and plant cells, the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the significance of organelles, and the fascinating processes such as stem cell differentiation and cell adaptation. Discover how substances move across cell membranes and the role of osmosis in plant physiology. Uncover the wonders of cell biology through concise explanations and engaging visuals.


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  1. B1 Cells Found in plants and animals Animal and plant cells are eukaryotic!!! Found in plants only

  2. Bacteria cells are prokaryotic!!! Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall Feature prokaryote eukaryote Nucleus No Yes Where DNA found? Free floating in cytoplasm In nucleus Plant cells have a cell wall But Animal cells do not size Smaller than eukaryote Larger than eukaryote Organelles e.g. mitochondria No Yes Ribosomes Yes - smaller Yes - Larger Cell membrane yes yes Cytoplasm yes yes

  3. Change objective lens changes magnification Focusing knobs makes the image clear and in focus Do not write zoom!!! Order of magnitude 10 x bigger order of magnitude 101 100 x bigger order of magnitude 102 Changing mm to m x1000 Changing mm to m 1000 High resolution high magnification Dead things only can be viewed Low resolution Low magnification Living things can be viewed

  4. Stem cell undifferentiated cell Specialised cell cell with a specific function Embryonic stem cells Differentiate into any type of cell Adult stem cells From bone marrow Can only differentiate into limited cells Painful process Plant stem cells * Found in meristem Cell cycle use divide not split!!! Cell Adaptation Muscle Many mitochondria Nerve Myelin sheath Stage 1: DNA and organelles replicate State 2: Each set of chromosomes move to opposite poles Stage 3: Cytoplasm and membrane divides Root hair Large surface area Red blood No nucleus and haemoglobin

  5. Substance moves against the concentration gradient- energy is needed!!! Substance moves down the concentration gradient- from a high to a low concentration Water moves down the water concentration gradient-from a high water to a low water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane RP - osmosis https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zs6 3tv4/revision/5 Water moves into the plant by osmosis and the mass increases Where line crosses x axis is the concentration of sucrose in plant tissues Independent: concentration of sugar solution Dependent: % change in mass Control: length and width of potato, volume of solution Water moves out of the plant by osmosis and the mass decreases % change in mass used as different starting masses

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