The Morphosyntactic Analysis of English Sentences with Prof. John Corbett
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DESCRIÇÃO E ANÁLISE
MORFOSSINTÁTICA DO INGLÊS
Prof John Corbett
USP-CAPES International Fellow
T
H
E
R
A
N
K
S
C
A
L
E
Sentence Constituents:
Sentence:
Main clause(s) plus possible subordinate clauses.
Clause (SPOCA):
Subject/Predicator/Object/Complement/Adverbial
Phrase (x M H):
Noun Phrase/Verb Phrase/Prepositional Phrase, etc.
Word:
Noun/Verb/Adjective/Preposition, etc.
Morpheme:
prefixes, roots and suffixes
T
H
E
R
A
N
K
S
C
A
L
E
Sentence Constituents:
Sentence:
Main clause(s) plus possible subordinate clauses.
Clause (SPOCA):
Subject/Predicator/Object/Complement/Adverbial
Phrase (x M H):
Noun Phrase/Verb Phrase/Prepositional Phrase, etc.
Word:
Noun/Verb/Adjective/Preposition, etc.
Morpheme:
prefixes, roots and suffixes
Phrase structure is about the
internal
structure of phrases (eg inside a NP, what
functions as modifier, headword or neither?)
Clause structure is about how phrases combine in
larger structures
, such as sentences
(eg is the NP functioning as the Subject or the Object of a sentence?)
FROM 2 WEEKS AGO…
My motorbike is really fast.
My motorbike goes really fast.
How many phrases are in each sentence?
How do they relate to each other? In other words, how do the phrases
combine?
FROM 2 WEEKS AGO…
My motorbike is really fast.
My motorbike goes really fast.
S
M H
P
H
C
M H
(My
motorbike
) (
is
) (really
fast
).
NP d N VP V AjP Av Aj
S
M H
P
H
A
M H
(My
motorbike
) (
goes
) (really
fast
).
NP d N VP V AvP Av Av
C
L
A
U
S
E
S
T
R
U
C
T
U
R
E
Clause functions (SPOCA)
The NP (
The mad dogs
) has a different function in each of
the following two sentences:
The mad dogs
were chasing him round the field.
Health inspectors have captured
the mad dogs
.
The VPs (
were chasing
)
(
have captured
)
and the PP (
round the field
) also have functional values
in relation to the other phrases in each sentence.
C
L
A
U
S
E
S
T
R
U
C
T
U
R
E
Clause functions (
SPOCA
)
Subject
Predicator
Object
Complement
Adverbial
These are functional values we give to phrases.
Each
clause
is made up of a combination of one or more phrases with one of these functional values.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Predicator
The Predicator is
always
the VP.
P
The mad dogs (
were chasing
) him round the field.
VP
P
He (
was being chased
) by the mad dogs.
VP
P
Health inspectors (
have captured
) the mad dogs.
VP
Note
: We put the functional label
above
the line of the sentence, and the form label
below
.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Predicator
The Predicator is
always
the VP. Identify the Predicators in the sentences below:
Tam looked at me for a moment as I slammed the door shut, but remained silent. I could
see that Richie was providing the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box, perched on his
lap. He swigged the Irn Bru and handed it to Tam.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Predicator = VP
Tam
looked
at me for a moment as I
slammed
the door shut, but
remained
silent. I
could
see
that Richie
was providing
the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box,
perched
on his
lap. He
swigged
the Irn Bru and
handed
it to Tam.
Clues to help identify VP/Predicators:
Form:
-ed
(
Past Tense inflexion)
Function:
Auxiliary verb + Main Verb
could see
was providing
Meaning:
Actions and states
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Subject
The Subject has a relation of
agreement
or
concord
with the Predicator
.
S P
(The mad dog
s
)
(
were
chasing) him round the field.
NP
VP
S P
(He) (
was
being chased) by the mad dogs
.
NP VP
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Subject
The Subject has a relation of
agreement
or
concord
with the Predicator
.
Identify the Subject in the following
sentences:
Tam
looked
at me for a moment as I
slammed
the door shut, but
remained
silent. I
could
see
that Richie
was providing
the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box,
perched
on his
lap. He
swigged
the Irn Bru and
handed
it to Tam.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Subject
The Subject has a relation of
agreement
or
concord
with the Predicator
.
Identify the
Subject
in the following
sentences:
Tam
looked
at me for a moment as
I
slammed
the door shut, but
remained
silent.
I
could
see
that
Richie
was providing
the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box,
[
Ø]
perched
on
his lap.
He
swigged
the Irn Bru and
[
Ø]
handed
it to Tam.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Object
The Object has the potential to become the Subject of a passive sentence.
S
P
O
(The mad dogs) (were chasing) (
him
) round the field.
= active
NP
VP
NP
S P
(
He
) (was being chased) round the field by the mad dogs.
= passive
NP VP
Not:
*
Round the field
was being chased him by the mad dogs.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Object
The Object has the potential to become the Subject of a passive sentence. Identify the Objects in the following
sentences:
Tam
looked
at me for a moment as
I
slammed
the door shut, but
remained
silent.
I
could see
that
Richie
was providing
the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box,
perched
on his lap.
He
swigged
the Irn Bru and
handed
it to Tam.
.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Object
The Object has the potential to become the Subject of a passive sentence. Identify the
Objects
in the following
sentences:
Tam
looked
at me for a moment as
I
slammed
the door
shut, but
remained
silent.
I
could
see
that
Richie
was providing
the sandwiches
from the plastic lunch box,
perched
on his
lap.
He
swigged
the Irn Bru
and
handed
it
to Tam.
.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Direct and Indirect Object
Some sentences have two NP’s either of which can become Subject
S
O O
(Those dogs ) gave (
him
) (
a terrible fright
).
NP
NP NP
S
O
(
He
) was given (
a terrible fright
) by those dogs.
NP
NP
or
S
O
(
A terrible fright
) was given (
him
) by those dogs.
NP
NP
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
In such cases, only
one
NP can be expanded into a PP. Here it is (
him
):
Those dogs gave
a terrible fright
to him
.
A terrible fright
was given
to him
by those dogs.
NP’s which do
not
expand into PP’s are called
Direct Objects
.
NP’s which
can
expand into PP’s are called
Indirect Objects
. (However, once they are expanded into a PP, they
become
Adverbials
.
)
S A
(
A terrible fright
) was given (
to him
) by those dogs.
NP PP
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Complement
The Complement is usually an AjP or a NP. Unlike the Object, it
cannot
become the Subject of a passive sentence.
C
Those kittens look (
really cute
).
AjP
*(
Really cute
) is looked by those kittens.
C
He has become (
an accomplished actor
).
NP
*(
An accomplished actor
) has been become by him.
Complements usually
describe
or
give value
to the Subject or Object.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Complement
Complements usually
describe
or
give value
to the Subject or Object:
Subject
Complement:
The desert
can be
dry
.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Subject and Object Complements
Complements usually
describe
or
give value
to the
Subject
or
Object
:
Subject
Complement:
The desert
can be
dry
.
Object
Complement:
We drank
the city
dry
.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Complement
The Complement is usually an AjP or a NP. Unlike the Object, it cannot become the Subject of a
passive sentence. Identify the two examples of a
Complement
in the following sentences:
Tam
looked
at me for a moment as
I
slammed
the door
shut, but
remained
silent.
I
could
see
that
Richie
was providing
the sandwiches
from the plastic lunch box,
perched
on his
lap.
He
swigged
the Irn Bru
and
handed
it
to Tam.
.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Complement
Tam
looked
at me for a moment as
I
slammed
the door
shut
, but
remained
silent
.
I
could see
that
Richie
was providing
the sandwiches
from the plastic lunch box,
perched
on his lap.
He
swigged
the Irn Bru
and
handed
it
to Tam.
shut = Object Complement (door=shut) in ‘I slammed the door shut.’
silent = Subject Complement (Tam=silent) ‘Tam…remained silent.’
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Adverbial
Adverbials are usually AvP’s or PP’s which give information about time, place, manner and so on. They can often move around a
sentence, or they can be left out altogether.
A A
The dogs attacked me (
furiously
). The dogs attacked me (
with great fury
).
AvP
PP
A
A
The dogs (
furiously
) attacked me. The dogs, (
with great fury
), attacked me.
AvP
PP
A
A
(
Furiously
), the dogs attacked me. (
With great fury
) the dogs attached me.
AvP PP
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Adverbial
Adverbials are usually AvP’s or PP’s which give information about time, place, manner and so on. They can often move around a
sentence, or they can be left out altogether.
A A
The dogs attacked me (
furiously
). The dogs attacked me (
with great fury
).
AvP
PP
Note that the adverbial can be left out and the sentence will still be complete.
S P O
(
The dogs
) (
attacked
) (
me
).
NP VP NP
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Adverbial
Adverbials are usually AvP’s or PP’s which give information about time, place, manner and so on. Identify the
Adverbials
in the following sentences:
Tam
looked
at me for a moment as
I
slammed
the door
shut,
but
remained
silent
.
I
could
see
that
Richie
was providing
the sandwiches
from the plastic lunch box,
perched
on his lap.
He
swigged
the Irn Bru
and
handed
it
to Tam.
.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Tam
looked
at me for a moment
as
I
slammed
the door
shut
,
but
remained
silent
.
I
could
see
that
Richie
was providing
the sandwiches
from the plastic lunch box
,
perched
on his
lap
.
He
swigged
the Irn Bru
and
handed
it
to Tam
.
NB: ‘
to Tam
’ is an Adverbial here. If the sentence had been
‘He handed (
Tam
) (
the Irn Bru
)’ then it would be Oi.
Q: What kind of words have not yet been analysed? (That is, the ones in
black
…)
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Tam
looked
at me for a moment
as
I
slammed
the door
shut
,
but
remained
silent
.
I
could
see
that
Richie
was providing
the sandwiches
from the plastic lunch box
,
perched
on his
lap
.
He
swigged
the Irn Bru
and
handed
it
to Tam
.
Q:
What kind of words have not yet been analysed?
A:
Conjunctions:
as, but, that, and
CLAUSE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS
S P A A
(
Tam
) (
looked
) (
at me
) (
for a moment
)
NP VP PP PP
S P O Co
as
(
I
) (
slammed
) (
the door
) (
shut
),
NP VP NP AjP
P Cs
but
(
remained
) (
silent
).
VP AjP
This is a complex sentence, made up of an
embedded
clause and two coordinate clauses:
[Tam looked at me for a moment [
as I slammed the door shut
]] but [remained silent]
MORE ON SENTENCE STRUCTURE NEXT WEEK!
Don’t forget the moodle quiz!
Delve into the intricacies of sentence constituents, phrase structure, clause functions, and morphemes in English sentences as explained by Prof. John Corbett, an International Fellow at USP-CAPES. Explore how phrases combine and relate to each other, and learn about the structure of clauses and the functional values attributed to phrases within them.
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DESCRIO E ANLISE MORFOSSINT TICA DO INGL S Prof John Corbett USP-CAPES International Fellow
THE RANK SCALE Sentence Constituents: Sentence: Clause (SPOCA): Phrase (x M H): Word: Morpheme: Main clause(s) plus possible subordinate clauses. Subject/Predicator/Object/Complement/Adverbial Noun Phrase/Verb Phrase/Prepositional Phrase, etc. Noun/Verb/Adjective/Preposition, etc. prefixes, roots and suffixes
THE RANK SCALE Sentence Constituents: Sentence: Clause (SPOCA): Phrase (x M H): Word: Morpheme: Main clause(s) plus possible subordinate clauses. Subject/Predicator/Object/Complement/Adverbial Noun Phrase/Verb Phrase/Prepositional Phrase, etc. Noun/Verb/Adjective/Preposition, etc. prefixes, roots and suffixes Phrase structure is about the internal structure of phrases (eg inside a NP, what functions as modifier, headword or neither?) Clause structure is about how phrases combine in larger structures, such as sentences (eg is the NP functioning as the Subject or the Object of a sentence?)
FROM 2 WEEKS AGO My motorbike is really fast. My motorbike goes really fast. How many phrases are in each sentence? How do they relate to each other? In other words, how do the phrases combine?
FROM 2 WEEKS AGO My motorbike is really fast. My motorbike goes really fast. S M H P H C M H (My motorbike) (is) (really fast). NP d N VP V AjP Av Aj S M H P H A M H (My motorbike) (goes) (really fast). NP d N VP V AvP Av Av
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Clause functions (SPOCA) The NP (The mad dogs) has a different function in each of the following two sentences: The mad dogs were chasing him round the field. Health inspectors have captured the mad dogs. The VPs (were chasing) (have captured) and the PP (round the field) also have functional values in relation to the other phrases in each sentence.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Clause functions (SPOCA) Subject Predicator Object Complement Adverbial These are functional values we give to phrases. Each clause is made up of a combination of one or more phrases with one of these functional values.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Predicator The Predicator is always the VP. P The mad dogs (were chasing) him round the field. VP P He (was being chased) by the mad dogs. VP P Health inspectors (have captured) the mad dogs. VP Note: We put the functional label above the line of the sentence, and the form label below.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Predicator The Predicator is always the VP. Identify the Predicators in the sentences below: Tam looked at me for a moment as I slammed the door shut, but remained silent. I could see that Richie was providing the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box, perched on his lap. He swigged the Irn Bru and handed it to Tam.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Predicator = VP Tam looked at me for a moment as I slammed the door shut, but remained silent. I could see that Richie was providing the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box, perched on his lap. He swigged the Irn Bru and handed it to Tam. Clues to help identify VP/Predicators: Form: -ed (Past Tense inflexion) Function: Auxiliary verb + Main Verb could see was providing Meaning: Actions and states
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Subject The Subject has a relation of agreement or concord with the Predicator. S P (The mad dogs) (were chasing) him round the field. NP VP S P (He) (was being chased) by the mad dogs. NP VP
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Subject The Subject has a relation of agreement or concord with the Predicator. Identify the Subject in the following sentences: Tam looked at me for a moment as I slammed the door shut, but remained silent. I could see that Richie was providing the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box, perched on his lap. He swigged the Irn Bru and handed it to Tam.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Subject The Subject has a relation of agreement or concord with the Predicator. Identify the Subject in the following sentences: Tam looked at me for a moment as I slammed the door shut, but remained silent. I could see that Richie was providing the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box, [ ] perched on his lap. He swigged the Irn Bru and [ ] handed it to Tam.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Object The Object has the potential to become the Subject of a passive sentence. S P O (The mad dogs) (were chasing) (him) round the field. = active NP VP NP S P (He) (was being chased) round the field by the mad dogs. = passive NP VP Not: * Round the field was being chased him by the mad dogs.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Object The Object has the potential to become the Subject of a passive sentence. Identify the Objects in the following sentences: Tam looked at me for a moment as I slammed the door shut, but remained silent. I could see that Richie was providing the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box, perched on his lap. He swigged the Irn Bru and handed it to Tam..
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Object The Object has the potential to become the Subject of a passive sentence. Identify the Objects in the following sentences: Tam looked at me for a moment as I slammed the door shut, but remained silent. I could see that Richie was providing the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box, perched on his lap. He swigged the Irn Bru and handed it to Tam..
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Direct and Indirect Object Some sentences have two NP s either of which can become Subject S O O (Those dogs ) gave (him) (a terrible fright). NP NP NP S O (He) was given (a terrible fright) by those dogs. NP NP or S O (A terrible fright) was given (him) by those dogs. NP NP
CLAUSE STRUCTURE In such cases, only one NP can be expanded into a PP. Here it is (him): Those dogs gave a terrible fright to him. A terrible fright was given to him by those dogs. NP s which do not expand into PP s are called Direct Objects. NP s which can expand into PP s are called Indirect Objects. (However, once they are expanded into a PP, they become Adverbials.) S A (A terrible fright) was given (to him) by those dogs. NP PP
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Complement The Complement is usually an AjP or a NP. Unlike the Object, it cannot become the Subject of a passive sentence. C Those kittens look (really cute). AjP *(Really cute) is looked by those kittens. C He has become (an accomplished actor). NP *(An accomplished actor) has been become by him. Complements usually describe or give value to the Subject or Object.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Complement Complements usually describe or give value to the Subject or Object: Subject Complement: The desert can be dry.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Subject and Object Complements Complements usually describe or give value to the Subject or Object: Subject Complement: The desert can be dry. Object Complement: We drank the city dry.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Complement The Complement is usually an AjP or a NP. Unlike the Object, it cannot become the Subject of a passive sentence. Identify the two examples of a Complement in the following sentences: Tam looked at me for a moment as I slammed the door shut, but remained silent. I could see that Richie was providing the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box, perched on his lap. He swigged the Irn Bru and handed it to Tam..
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Complement Tam looked at me for a moment as I slammed the door shut, but remained silent. I could see that Richie was providing the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box, perched on his lap. He swigged the Irn Bru and handed it to Tam. shut = Object Complement (door=shut) in I slammed the door shut. silent = Subject Complement (Tam=silent) Tam remained silent.
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Adverbial Adverbials are usually AvP s or PP s which give information about time, place, manner and so on. They can often move around a sentence, or they can be left out altogether. A A The dogs attacked me (furiously). The dogs attacked me (with great fury). AvP PP A A The dogs (furiously) attacked me. The dogs, (with great fury), attacked me. AvP PP A A (Furiously), the dogs attacked me. (With great fury) the dogs attached me. AvP PP
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Adverbial Adverbials are usually AvP s or PP s which give information about time, place, manner and so on. They can often move around a sentence, or they can be left out altogether. A A The dogs attacked me (furiously). The dogs attacked me (with great fury). AvP PP Note that the adverbial can be left out and the sentence will still be complete. S P O (The dogs) (attacked) (me). NP VP NP
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Adverbial Adverbials are usually AvP s or PP s which give information about time, place, manner and so on. Identify the Adverbials in the following sentences: Tam looked at me for a moment as I slammed the door shut, but remained silent. I could see that Richie was providing the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box, perched on his lap. He swigged the Irn Bru and handed it to Tam..
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Tam looked at me for a moment as I slammed the door shut, but remained silent. I could see that Richie was providing the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box, perched on his lap. He swigged the Irn Bru and handed it to Tam. NB: to Tam is an Adverbial here. If the sentence had been He handed (Tam) (the Irn Bru) then it would be Oi. Q: What kind of words have not yet been analysed? (That is, the ones in black )
CLAUSE STRUCTURE Tam looked at me for a moment as I slammed the door shut, but remained silent. I could see that Richie was providing the sandwiches from the plastic lunch box, perched on his lap. He swigged the Irn Bru and handed it to Tam. Q: What kind of words have not yet been analysed? A: Conjunctions: as, but, that, and
CLAUSE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS S P A A (Tam) (looked) (at me) (for a moment) NP VP PP PP S P O Co as (I) (slammed) (the door) (shut), NP VP NP AjP P Cs but (remained) (silent). VP AjP This is a complex sentence, made up of an embedded clause and two coordinate clauses: [Tam looked at me for a moment [as I slammed the door shut]] but [remained silent]
MORE ON SENTENCE STRUCTURE NEXT WEEK! Don t forget the moodle quiz!
