Sentence Structures and Embedded Phrases in English Linguistics
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DESCRIÇÃO E ANÁLISE
MORFOSSINTÁTICA DO INGLÊS
Prof John Corbett
USP-CAPES International Fellow
REVIEWING
THE
‘
RANK
SCALE
’
Sentence Constituents:
Sentence
:
Main clause(s) plus possible subordinate clauses.
Clause:
(SPOCA) Subject/Predicator/Object/Complement/Adverbial
Phrase:
(x M H) Noun Phrase/Verb Phrase/Prepositional Phrase, etc.
Word
:
Noun/Verb/Adjective/Preposition, etc.
Morpheme
:
prefixes, roots and suffixes
PHRASE
STRUCTURE
Phrase Constituents:
Phrase (
x M H
) =
Noun Phrase/Verb Phrase/Prepositional Phrase, etc.
M, H
can be
words
or phrases
.
EMBEDDED PHRASES
Prepositional phrases can be embedded in Noun Phrases:
Compare:
The workman put the chair
in the corner.
The chair in the corner
is broken.
Where did the workman put the chair?
In the corner.
*Where is the chair broken?
*In the corner.
Which chair is broken?
The chair in the corner.
EMBEDDED PHRASES
Prepositional phrases can be embedded in Noun Phrases:
Compare:
The workman put the chair
in the corner.
The chair in the corner
is broken.
O
M H
A
x M H
The workman put (the chair)
( in the corner).
NP d N PP pr d N
O
= Object
A
= Adverbial… we’ll be looking at these in more detail next week.
EMBEDDED PHRASES
Prepositional phrases can be embedded in Noun Phrases:
Compare:
The workman put the chair
in the corner.
The chair in the corner
is broken.
S
M H
M
x M H
P C
( The chair ( in the corner))
is broken.
NP
d N
PP
pr d N
S
= Subject
P
= Predicator
C
= Complement … again, we’ll come back to these next week.
AMBIGUOUS EMBEDDED PHRASES
Noun Phrases can also be embedded in Noun Phrases:
a fresh food shortage
a terrible food shortage
AMBIGUOUS EMBEDDED PHRASES
Noun Phrases can also be embedded in Noun Phrases:
a fresh food shortage = a shortage of fresh food/
a fresh shortage of food?
a terrible food shortage = a shortage of terrible food/
a terrible shortage of food?
AMBIGUOUS EMBEDDED PHRASES
M M
M H
H
( a
(fresh food)
shortage )
= fresh food (a shortage of fresh food)
NP d
NP Aj N
N
M M M H
( a fresh food shortage )
= a fresh shortage (of food)
NP d Aj N N
AMBIGUOUS EMBEDDED PHRASES
M M
M H
H
( a
(terrible food)
shortage ) = terrible food
NP d
NP Aj N
N
M M M H
( a terrible food shortage)
= a terrible shortage
NP d Aj N N
AMBIGUOUS EMBEDDED PHRASES
Advertisement for Glasgow Club:
‘obscene drinks promotion’
AMBIGUOUS EMBEDDED PHRASES
‘obscene drinks promotion’
M
M H
H
(
(obscene drinks)
promotion)
= obscene drinks
NP
NP Aj N
N
M M H
( obscene drinks promotion)
= obscene promotion
NP Aj N N
EMBEDDED PHRASES
Adjective Phrases in Noun Phrases
M M M H
(a grand, heroic gesture)
NP d Aj Aj N
M M
M H
H
( a
(very heroic)
gesture)
NP d
AjP Av Aj
N
EMBEDDED PHRASES
Noun Phrases in Apposition:
When one NP defines another NP, show the second one as an embedded modifier.
Scottish film-maker, Peter Mullan
M H M
H
(Scottish film-maker
(Peter Mullan)
)
NP Aj N
NP N
EMBEDDED PHRASES
Genitive Phrases:
Genitives (NOUN+
’s
) are treated as embedded phrases, eg
M
M H
H
(
(the joiner’s)
chisel)
NP
GP
d N
N
M
M H
H
(
(the firemen’s)
union)
NP
GP
d N
N
EXPLAIN THE AMBIGUITY
1. We need more heroic gestures.
EXPLAIN THE AMBIGUITY
1 We need more heroic gestures.
Either
S H P H O
M M H
Se { MCl [ (We) (need) (more heroic gestures
). ] }
NP pn VP V NP
d Aj N
or
S H P H O
M
M H
H
Se { MCl [ (We) (need) ((more heroic)
gestures
). ] }
NP pn VP V NP
AjP
Av Aj
N
EXAMPLES: PPS AS MODIFIERS
2. At the bottom of the rainbow is a pot of gold.
EXAMPLES: PPS AS MODIFIERS
2. At the bottom of the rainbow is a pot of gold.
A x M H M
x M H
P H
Se { MCl [ (At the bottom ( of the rainbow)
) (is)
PP pr d N
PP pr d N
VP V
S M H M
x H
(a pot
(of gold)
) ] }
NP d N
PP pr N
EXAMPLES: AJP AS MODIFIER
3. The badly injured climbers were taken to hospital.
EXAMPLES: AJP AS MODIFIER
3. The badly injured climbers were taken to hospital.
S M M
M H
H
Se { MCl [ (The (badly injured)
climbers)
NP d
AjP Av Aj
N
P M H A x H
(were taken) (to hospital). ] }
VP a V PP pr N
REVIEW
What kind of word is ‘although’?
A.
determiner
B.
conjunction
C.
pronoun
D.
adverb
E.
preposition
REVIEW
What kind of word is ‘although’?
A.
determiner
B.
conjunction
C.
pronoun
D.
adverb
E.
preposition
REVIEW
If you haven’t opened a current account, you are missing out on
additional facilities.
In the above sentence, ‘haven’t’ and ‘are’ are:
A.
main verbs
B.
primary auxiliary verbs
C.
modal auxiliary verbs
D.
phrasal verbs
E.
adverbs
REVIEW
M H
M H
If you
haven’t opened
a current account, you
are missing
out
on additional
facilities.
In the above sentence, ‘haven’t’ and ‘are’ are:
A.
main verbs
B.
primary auxiliary verbs
C.
modal auxiliary verbs
D.
phrasal verbs
E.
adverbs
If you haven’t opened a current account, you are missing out
on additional facilities
.
PP
(
pr Aj N)
In the above sentence, ‘on additional facilities’ is a(n):
A.
NP
B.
VP
C.
AjP
D.
AvP
E.
PP
REVIEW
Make yourself a nice cup of tea and settle into your favourite sofa.
The above sentence contains an example of a(n):
A.
PP as modifier in a NP
B.
AjP as modifier in a NP
C.
AvP as modifier in a NP
D.
Av P as modifier in an AjP
E.
NP as modifier in an AjP
REVIEW
M M H
M
Make yourself (a nice cup
of tea
) and settle into your favourite sofa.
The above sentence contains an example of a(n):
A.
PP as modifier in a NP
B.
AjP as modifier in a NP
C.
AvP as modifier in a NP
D.
Av P as modifier in an AjP
E.
NP as modifier in an AjP
Next week’s lecture: Clause structure (SPOCA)
Don’t forget to do the moodle quiz!
Delve into the intricate analysis of sentence constituents, phrase structures, and embedded phrases in English linguistics, featuring examples and insights from Prof. John Corbett, a renowned expert in the field.
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Presentation Transcript
DESCRIO E ANLISE MORFOSSINT TICA DO INGL S Prof John Corbett USP-CAPES International Fellow
REVIEWING THE RANK SCALE Sentence Constituents: Sentence: Main clause(s) plus possible subordinate clauses. Clause: (SPOCA) Subject/Predicator/Object/Complement/Adverbial Phrase: (x M H) Noun Phrase/Verb Phrase/Prepositional Phrase, etc. Word: Noun/Verb/Adjective/Preposition, etc. Morpheme: prefixes, roots and suffixes
PHRASE STRUCTURE Phrase Constituents: Phrase (x M H) = Noun Phrase/Verb Phrase/Prepositional Phrase, etc. M, H can be words or phrases.
EMBEDDED PHRASES Prepositional phrases can be embedded in Noun Phrases: Compare: The workman put the chair in the corner. The chair in the corner is broken. Where did the workman put the chair? In the corner. *Where is the chair broken? *In the corner. Which chair is broken? The chair in the corner.
EMBEDDED PHRASES Prepositional phrases can be embedded in Noun Phrases: Compare: The workman put the chair in the corner. The chair in the corner is broken. O M H A x M H The workman put (the chair) ( in the corner). NP d N PP pr d N O = Object A = Adverbial we ll be looking at these in more detail next week.
EMBEDDED PHRASES Prepositional phrases can be embedded in Noun Phrases: Compare: The workman put the chair in the corner. The chair in the corner is broken. S M H M x M H P C ( The chair ( in the corner)) is broken. NP d N PP pr d N S = Subject P = Predicator C = Complement again, we ll come back to these next week.
AMBIGUOUS EMBEDDED PHRASES Noun Phrases can also be embedded in Noun Phrases: a fresh food shortage a terrible food shortage
AMBIGUOUS EMBEDDED PHRASES Noun Phrases can also be embedded in Noun Phrases: a fresh food shortage = a shortage of fresh food/ a fresh shortage of food? a terrible food shortage = a shortage of terrible food/ a terrible shortage of food?
AMBIGUOUS EMBEDDED PHRASES M M M H H ( a (fresh food) shortage ) = fresh food (a shortage of fresh food) NP d NP Aj N N M M M H ( a fresh food shortage ) = a fresh shortage (of food) NP d Aj N N
AMBIGUOUS EMBEDDED PHRASES M M M H H ( a (terrible food) shortage ) = terrible food NP d NP Aj N N M M M H ( a terrible food shortage) = a terrible shortage NP d Aj N N
AMBIGUOUS EMBEDDED PHRASES Advertisement for Glasgow Club: obscene drinks promotion
AMBIGUOUS EMBEDDED PHRASES obscene drinks promotion M M H H ( (obscene drinks) promotion) = obscene drinks NP NP Aj N N M M H ( obscene drinks promotion) = obscene promotion NP Aj N N
EMBEDDED PHRASES Adjective Phrases in Noun Phrases M M M H (a grand, heroic gesture) NP d Aj Aj N M M M H H ( a (very heroic) gesture) NP d AjP Av Aj N
EMBEDDED PHRASES Noun Phrases in Apposition: When one NP defines another NP, show the second one as an embedded modifier. Scottish film-maker, Peter Mullan M H M H (Scottish film-maker (Peter Mullan)) NP Aj N NP N
EMBEDDED PHRASES Genitive Phrases: Genitives (NOUN+ s) are treated as embedded phrases, eg M M ( (the joiner s) chisel) H H NP GP d N N M M ( (the firemen s) union) H H NP GP d N N
EXPLAIN THE AMBIGUITY 1. We need more heroic gestures.
EXPLAIN THE AMBIGUITY 1 We need more heroic gestures. Either S H P H O M M H Se { MCl [ (We) (need) (more heroic gestures). ] } NP pn VP V NP d Aj N or S H P H O M M H H Se { MCl [ (We) (need) ( (more heroic) gestures). ] } NP pn VP V NP AjP Av Aj N
EXAMPLES: PPS AS MODIFIERS 2. At the bottom of the rainbow is a pot of gold.
EXAMPLES: PPS AS MODIFIERS 2. At the bottom of the rainbow is a pot of gold. A x M H M x M H P H Se { MCl [ (At the bottom ( of the rainbow)) (is) PP pr d N PP pr d N VP V S M H M x H (a pot (of gold) ) ] } NP d N PP pr N
EXAMPLES: AJP AS MODIFIER 3. The badly injured climbers were taken to hospital.
EXAMPLES: AJP AS MODIFIER 3. The badly injured climbers were taken to hospital. S M M M H H Se { MCl [ (The (badly injured) climbers) NP d AjP Av Aj N P M H A x H (were taken) (to hospital). ] } VP a V PP pr N
REVIEW What kind of word is although ? A. B. C. D. E. determiner conjunction pronoun adverb preposition
REVIEW What kind of word is although ? A. B. C. D. E. determiner conjunction pronoun adverb preposition
REVIEW If you haven t opened a current account, you are missing out on additional facilities. In the above sentence, haven t and are are: A. B. C. D. E. main verbs primary auxiliary verbs modal auxiliary verbs phrasal verbs adverbs
REVIEW M H M H If you haven t opened a current account, you are missing out on additional facilities. In the above sentence, haven t and are are: A. B. C. D. E. main verbs primary auxiliary verbs modal auxiliary verbs phrasal verbs adverbs
If you havent opened a current account, you are missing out on additional facilities. PP (pr Aj N) In the above sentence, on additional facilities is a(n): A. B. C. D. E. NP VP AjP AvP PP
REVIEW Make yourself a nice cup of tea and settle into your favourite sofa. The above sentence contains an example of a(n): A. B. C. D. E. PP as modifier in a NP AjP as modifier in a NP AvP as modifier in a NP Av P as modifier in an AjP NP as modifier in an AjP
REVIEW M M H M Make yourself (a nice cup of tea) and settle into your favourite sofa. The above sentence contains an example of a(n): A. PP as modifier in a NP B. AjP as modifier in a NP C. AvP as modifier in a NP D. Av P as modifier in an AjP E. NP as modifier in an AjP
Next weeks lecture: Clause structure (SPOCA) Don t forget to do the moodle quiz!
