Ration Formulation and Feeding Practices for Dairy Cattle and Buffaloes

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This informative article discusses the importance of colostrum feeding, milk feeding to calves, and milk feeding schedules for dairy cattle and buffaloes during various phases. It emphasizes the significance of timely colostrum intake for immunity development and the proper feeding of whole milk or skim milk to calves for optimal growth and health.

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Formulation of rations and feeding of dairy Formulation of rations and feeding of dairy cattle & buffaloes during different phases cattle & buffaloes during different phases (Part-I) Dr. Kaushalendra Kumar Assistant Professor (Animal Nutrition), Bihar Animal Science University, Patna, India E-mail: drkaushalbvc@gmail.com

COLOSTRUM FEEDING COLOSTRUM FEEDING Feeding Feeding colostrum colostrum after after birth birth within within an an hour hour in in calves calves for for developing developing immunity immunity against against diseases diseases. . Biological Biological significance significance of of the the colostrum colostrum will will be be reduced reduced if if feeding feeding is is delayed delayed for for more more than than 2 2 hours hours. . Cows Cows in in 2 2nd nd or or later later lactation s lactation s produce produce larger larger quantity quantity of of colostrum colostrum & & have have higher higher immunoglobulins immunoglobulins concentrations concentrations than than cow cow in in first first lactation lactation. . This This is is because because old old cows cows would would have have been been exposed exposed to to a a wider wider range range of of diseases diseases than than young young animals, animals, therefore, therefore, produces produces more more immunoglobulins immunoglobulins against against them them. .

The The calf calf is is capable capable of of absorbing absorbing antibodies antibodies from from the the colostrum colostrum only only for for a a short short period period of of time time. . Maximum Maximum absorption absorption occurs occurs immediately immediately after after birth birth and and decrease decrease with with time time. . By By 24 24 hours hours after after birth birth very very little little absorption absorption of of antibodies antibodies occurs occurs through through the the intestinal intestinal wall wall. . Allow Allow addlibitum addlibitum of of colostrum colostrum in in the the first first 3 3- -5 5 days days. .

Milk feeding to calf Milk feeding to calf Whole Whole milk milk one one tenth tenth of of calf calf s s body body weight weight Skim Skim milk milk feeding feeding > > after after 2 2 weeks weeks of of whole whole milk milk feeding feeding it it can can be be replaced replaced by by skim skim milk milk at at a a gradient gradient rate rate. . Skim Skim milk milk feeding feeding may may be be discontinued discontinued at at 24 24 wks wks of of age age. . Reconstituted Reconstituted or or butter butter milk milk feeding feeding: : Normal Normal butter butter milk milk or or reconstituted reconstituted skim skim milk milk also also be be fed fed in in place place of of fresh fresh skim skim milk milk for for raising raising dairy dairy calves calves specially specially when when calves calves have have access access to to legume legume hay hay. .

Milk feeding schedule for a calf Milk feeding schedule for a calf

SCHEDULE OF FEEDING CALVES RAISED WITH SCHEDULE OF FEEDING CALVES RAISED WITH CALF STARTER CALF STARTER

After After four four months months of of age, age, calf calf can can utilize utilize grain grain mixture mixture. . The The amount amount of of grains grains needed needed for for calf calf will will depend depend upon upon the the quality quality of of roughages roughages. . Clean Clean and and green green & & leafy leafy legume legume or or mixed mixed hay hay forms forms the the good good fodder fodder for for young young calves, calves, hay hay can can be be offered offered to to young young calves calves after after 2 2 weeks weeks of of age age on on free free choice choice basis basis. . They They may may start start with with handful handful of of hay hay but but will will eat eat more more and and more more with with increase increase in in age age. . Green Green legumes legumes preferable preferable mixed mixed with with other other fodder fodder is is also also good good. .

MILK REPLACER & CALF STARTER MILK REPLACER & CALF STARTER Milk Milk replacer replacer is is a a constituted constituted feed feed for for dairy dairy calves calves. . Milk Milk can can also also be be substituted substituted with with milk milk replacer replacer to to make make calf calf raising raising economical economical. . Milk Milk replacer replacer resembles resembles milk milk in in biochemical biochemical composition composition and and saves saves cost cost of of calf calf rearing rearing. . It It contains contains minimum minimum 20 20 % % crude crude protein protein. . Milk Milk replacer replacer is is diluted diluted with with water water in in the the ratio ratio of of 1 1: :8 8. .

OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES OF OF MILK MILK REPLACER REPLACER 1. 1. To To raise raise orphan orphan calves calves 2. 2. To To supplement supplement dam s dam s milk milk 3. 3. To To wean wean calves calves at at an an early early age age . 4. 4. To To make make raising raising of of calves calves cheaper cheaper 5. 5. To To maintain maintain normal normal growth growth of of calves calves

The The following following composition composition of of milk milk replacer replacer has has been been worked worked out out at at NDRI NDRI karnal karnal (Arora, (Arora, 1979 1979) ). .

CALF STARTER CALF STARTER Calf Calf starter starter is is a a balanced balanced concentrate concentrate mixture, mixture, fed fed to to the the calves calves from from 10 10th th day day of of age age to to supplement supplement the the nutrients, nutrients, when when they they are are raised raised on on limited limited milk milk intake intake. . An An ideal ideal calf calf starter starter contains contains 20 20 percent percent DCP DCP and and 70 70 percent percent TDN TDN. .

CONCENTRATE MIXTURE CONCENTRATE MIXTURE A A mixture mixture of of different different concentrate concentrate feed feed ingredients ingredients like like cereal cereal grains, grains, grain grain byproducts, byproducts, oil oil cakes, cakes, mineral mineral mixture mixture & & common common salt salt in in different different ratios ratios as as per per requirement requirement. .

FEEDING SCHEDULE FEEDING SCHEDULE a. Feeding schedule for calves (per day) a. Feeding schedule for calves (per day)

b. For heifers (per day)

c. For pregnant animals 8 c. For pregnant animals 8- -10 10 wks wks before calving before calving d. For lactating animals d. For lactating animals Rations for lactating animals (for cows producing up to 7 kg milk and buffaloes producing up to 5 kg milk per day)

RATIONS FOR LACTATING ANIMALS RATIONS FOR LACTATING ANIMALS 1 1. . Cows Cows producing producing more more than than 7 7 kg kg milk milk & & Buffaloes Buffaloes producing producing more more than than 5 5 kg kg milk milk per per day day If If cow cow producing producing more more than than 7 7 kg kg milk milk & & buffaloes buffaloes producing producing more more than than 5 5 kg kg milk milk per per day, day, then then provide provide extra extra concentrate concentrate mixture mixture @ @400 400g g per per kg kg increase increase in in cow cow milk milk & & 500 500 g g per per kg kg increase increase in in buffalo buffalo milk milk. . If If dairy dairy animal animal is is pregnant, pregnant, then then besides besides the the maintenance maintenance & & production production requirement, requirement, 1 1. .0 0 kg kg concentrate concentrate mixture mixture as as pregnancy pregnancy allowance allowance should should be be offered offered extra extra only only in in the the last last trimester trimester of of the the pregnancy pregnancy. .

2. For high producing animals 2. For high producing animals High High yielding yielding dairy dairy animals animals need need very very special special feeding feeding strategies strategies. . Low Low quality quality roughages roughages like like straw straw or or stovers stovers should should not not be be offered offered to to high high producing producing animas animas. . Concentrate Concentrate mixture mixture of of high high yielders yielders must must contain contain energy energy & & protein protein rich rich ingredients ingredients like like soybean soybean meal, meal, roasted roasted soybeans, soybeans, by by pass pass nutrients nutrients etc etc. . Buffers Buffers like like sodium sodium bicarbonate, bicarbonate, magnesium magnesium oxide oxide & & vitamin vitamin mixture mixture should should be be added added in in the the diet diet for for better better utilization utilization of of the the feedstuffs feedstuffs. .