Participation-Based Planning System for Leisure, Sport, and Tourism
Explore the U-Plan participation-based planning system for leisure, sport, and tourism as outlined in the 4th edition of A.J. Veal's book. The system emphasizes objectives, participation, and supply through various tasks such as demographic data analysis, surveys, and facility audits. Discover how this approach enhances decision-making and target achievement in the tourism industry.
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4th Edition Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning A. J. Veal
CHAPTER 9 A Participation-based Approach to Planning for Leisure, Sport and Tourism Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Outline Introduction 1. Objectives/outcomes module 2. Participation module 3. Supply module Who decides? Greenfield sites The U-Plan system and tourism Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
U-Plan participation-based planning system (Fig. 10.1) 2. Participation module 1. Objectives/ outcomes module 3. Supply module Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
1. Objectives/outcomes module: 4 tasks Objectives/ outcomes module 1.Mission 2.Decision-making structure 3.Budget 4.Target Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
2. Participation module: 9 tasks Participation module 5. Demographic data 6. Resident participation survey 7. Facility user survey 8. Tourist survey 9. Simulate status quo (participation) 10. Examine passive change 11. Activity scan 12. Activity selection 13. Activity targets Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
3. Supply module: 5 tasks Supply module 14. Inventory 15. Simulate status quo (supply) 16. Facility/service audit 17. Facility/service requirements 18. Facility/service specifications Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
U-Plan system: 18 tasks Participation module 5. Demographic data 6. Resident participation survey 7. Facility user survey 8. Tourist survey 9. Simulate status quo (p) 10. Examine passive change 11. Activity scan 12. Activity selection 13. Activity targets Objectives/ outcomes module 1.Mission 2.Decision-making structure 3.Budget 4.Target Supply module 14. Inventory 15. Simulate status quo (supply) 16. Facility/service audit 17. Facility/service requirements 18. Facility/service specifications Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
U-Plan: other features Focus on participation as proxy for benefits Planning area, may be: region/state local council area (main focus) planning zones within an area Who decides? Political/technical, etc., roles Planning period: assumed up to 10 years Spreadsheet format (see below) Activity-facility/service links (see spreadsheet) Programmes/services mainly linked to facilities, including streets (running, cycling, festivals) Focus modules: 10 additional specialist guides: Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
U-Plan: focus modules 1. Benefits of leisure 2. Models of consumer behaviour 3. Target-setting 4. Data collection and analysis 5. Forecasting 6. Tourism 7. Activity profiles 8. Assets/resources 9. Spatial analysis 10. Participation database (N.B. mostly still in preparation) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
U-Plan spreadsheet format Cell contents determined by tasks A B C D E F G H I Tasks Facility type A Facility type B Etc. Total 1 Act 1 Act.2 Etc. Act 1 Act 2 Etc. 2 Objectives/ outcomes module 1 3 2 4 3 5 Broad participation targets Etc. 6 Participation Module 5 7 6 8 Etc. 9 Supply module 14 10 15 11 Facility requirements Etc. 12 Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Objectives/outcomes module 1. Mission 2. Decision-making structure 3. Budget 4. Target-setting Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 1. Mission/goals If U-Plan is to be used, the mission/goals of the organization must be aligned with the U-Plan approach. In particular: benefits of leisure/sport/tourism attributed primarily to participation in leisure/sport/tourism planning process is based on participation targets Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Mission benefits participation (Fig. 9.3) Benefits of leisure participation: Mission/goals Well-being: economic/ social Quality of life Sustainability etc. Participation in leisure activities Physical/mental health Social cohesion Jobs (tourism) etc. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 2. Decision-making structure (Table 9.3) Component Examples Decision powers A. Elected/appointed responsible body Elected council Ultimately, all decisions B. Committees Committees of council, steering committees, advisory committees Delegated decisions and advice/ recommendations C. Appointed officers CEO, Director of Leisure & Tourism Delegated decisions & Advice/ recommend s D. Consultants Leisure planning consultants Advice/ recommend s E. Stakeholder groups Chamber of commerce; sports associations Advice/ recommend s F. Residents Voters; survey respondents Opinions (and electoral power) G. Facility etc. users Park visitors, library users Opinions (via surveys) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 3. Considering budget constraints Typically an iterative process Multi-purpose agency: leisure/sport/tourism competes for resources with other sectors Need for flexibility Development of alternative scenarios Subject to political environment Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 4. Setting/reviewing broad targets Set participation targets for broad categories, e.g. sport and physical recreation , cultural activities Detailed individual activities considered later N.B. tourism discussed later On what basis should targets be set? social and spatial equity local growth activities comparison: set high target tourism see late discussion Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Broad target-setting decision-making strategy (Fig. 9.4) Participation module Conduct resident participation survey (broad groups) 1. Social equity Participation rate low for some groups? Target low part- icipation groups N Y 2. Spatial equity Participation rate low in some zones? Target low part- N Y icipation zones Target high growth activities Y N 3. Growth activities? 7. Broad targets 4. External rate Local participation rate below external rate? Target regional/ state rate Y N Adopt high target rate 5. High target Select high target Y N Set tourism target 6. Tourism significant?
Step 7 in Fig 9.4: Collation of participation targets: Example (Fig 9.5) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
A B C 1 Participation rates in area X 2 % in year Target 3 Area X average 77.9 4 1. Social equity age and gender 5 Male 15-24 89.2 6 Male 25-34 84.2 7 Male 35-44 85.1 8 Male 45-54 72.6 Increase by 5% to 77.9% 9 Male 55-64 73.6 Increase by 4.3% to 77.9% 10 Male 65+ 69.5 Increase by 8.4% to 77.9% 11 Female 15-24 74.3 Increase by 3.6% to 77.9% 12 Female 25-34 81.9 13 Female 35-44 79.6 14 Female 45-54 77.6 15 Female 55-64 78.0 16 Female 65+ 66.2 Increase by 11.7% to 77.9%
Participation module 5. Demographic data 6. Resident participation survey 7. Facility user survey 8. Tourist survey 9. Simulate status quo (part n) 10. Examine passive change 11. Activity scan 12. Activity selection 13. Activity targets Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Participation module process Data collection 5. Survey: residents 6. Survey: facility users 7. Survey: tourists 8. Demographic data 9. Simulate status quo Simulate changed situation 10. Examine passive change 11. Activity scan 12. Activity selection 13. Set activity targets Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Participation module: framework (Fig. 9.6) Area X A. Resident population B. Participants Unsatisfied wants, need etc. Rest of the world C. Participation (volume of weekly activity) d. Area X residents participation in rest of world D. Resident activity within area X Visitors: Tourists + neighbours and commuters F. Visitor activity E. Resident activity e. Area X residents participation in homes/ gardens G. Total activity Z. Outcomes
Participation module data items (Fig. 9.6, Table 9.4) Description Data source Units Soccer example A Resident population Census Persons 50,000 a Participation rate Resident survey % 5.5 B Participants A x a/100 Persons 2750 b Frequency Resident survey Times p.a. 61.3 c Length of season Resident survey Weeks 26 C Volume B x b/c Person/sessions/wk 6484 d % outside area X Resident survey % 5 D Resident part n in area X C C x d/100 Person/sessions/wk 6160 e % in homes/gardens Resident survey % 0 E Resident activity in area X facilities D D x e/100 Person/sessions/wk 6160 F Visitors User surveys Person/sessions/wk 200 G Total activity E + F Person/sessions/wk 6360 Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 5. Collation of demographic data Resident population (from census) Population divided by priority social groups (related to social and spatial equity) (census) Population forecasts over the planning period (local/regional planning deptartment) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 6. Survey: residents leisure participation To gather data items (Table 9.4) a Participation rate in leisure activities for each activity B For each activity: b Frequency, times p.a. c Season length d % of activity outside area X e % of activity in home/garden Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 7. Surveys: facility/service users To collect items as in Table 9.4 F Visitor use of facilities: tourists, neighbours, commuters Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 8. Survey: tourists Conducted only if tourism is significant To collect part of item F, tourist numbers Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 9. Simulation of status quo Data collected (as in Table 9.4 and Tasks 5 8) transferred to a spreadsheet (next slide) Excel spreadsheet available on book website (www.****) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Participation: status quo spreadsheet: soccer A B C D E F 1 From Table 9.4: items in bold calculated by spreadsheet Outdoor soccer 50,000 2 A Resident population 5.5 3 a Participation rate % 2750 4 B Participants 61.3 5 b Frequency p.a. 26 6 c Season length (weeks) 6484 7 C Participation, volume/week 5 8 d % outside area X 6159 9 D Resident activity in area X 0 10 e % in home/garden 6159 11 E Res. activity in area X facilities 200 12 F Visitor activity 6359 13 G Total activity in area X Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Participation: status quo spreadsheet: 4 activities A B C D Aerobics/ fitness E Swimming F Netball Outdoor soccer 1 Items from Table 9.4 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 2 A Resident population 5.5 17.7 12.9 3.9 3 a Participation rate % 2750 8850 6450 1950 4 B Participants 61.3 132 66.1 58.3 5 b Frequency p.a. 26 50 50 26 6 c Season length (weeks) 6484 23364 8527 4373 7 C Participation, volume/week 5 0 12 10 8 d % outside area X 6160 23364 7504 3935 9 D Resident activity in area X 0 10 5 0 10 e % in home/garden 6160 21028 7128 3935 11 E Res. activity in area X facilities 200 750 300 0 12 F Visitor activity 6360 21778 7428 3935 13 G Total activity in area X facilities Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Participation status quo with age/gender breakdown Fig. 9.8 divides population into 14 age/gender groups, with corresponding participation rates Relates to social equity exercise Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 10. Examination of passive change Active versus passive change Passive change = change likely to take place regardless of the activities of the planning agency = an input into the planning process Active change caused by the planning agency s policy measures = the output of the planning process Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Passive change Forecasting: see Chapter 13 Main concern: demographic change details typically available from local/regional planning authority Effect of demographic change: see Fig. 9.8 Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 11. Activity scan To achieve overall participation targets: identify likely individual activity/social groups: combinations. Activity scan examines data on individual activity participation patterns. In the example, examination of trends and existing patterns (Fig. 9.8) suggests the following for the target groups (identified in Fig. 9.5): Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Activity scan summary (Table 9.5) Activity Trends: Potential for: Market attitudes Males 45+ Females 16 24 Females 65+ Outdoor soccer Growing - - - Aerobic/fitness Growing Yes - Yes Positive Swimming Declining Yes Yes Yes Netball Growing - Yes - Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 12. Activity selection Select individual activities to achieve overall targets, e.g. in Fig. 9.9: older men: golf, aerobics/fitness* + swimming young women: netball + swimming older women: aerobics/fitness* (+ swimming) * N.B. aerobics/fitness: actual programmes likely to differ for men and women Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 13. Set activity targets For the selected activities/groups, set % participation targets see Fig. 9.7 e.g. for males 45 54: aerobics/fitness: to increase from 14.1% 17.4% (+3.3%) swimming: 12.5% 14.5% (+2.0%) overall increase: +5.3% (see Fig. 9.9) All proposed changes = increases of: soccer: + 200 person-sessions per week aerobics/fitness: + 750 swimming +300 netball + Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 13. Set activity targets (contd) N.B. in the Fig 9.7 spreadsheet, the planner inserts new activity/group targets (shaded items) and the spreadsheet does the calculations. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Supply module 14. Inventory 15. Simulate status quo (supply) 16. Facility/service audit 17. Facility/service requirements 18. Facility/service specifications Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Supply module framework (Fig. 9.10) G. Total activity in area X From participation module a. Group size (persons) H. Sessions demanded (G/a) I. Facilities required (H/b) b. Facility capacity (sessions/wk) c. Existing supply (Task 14) J. Deficit (I c) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Supply module: data items (Table 9.6) Item Description Data source Units Soccer example G Total participation Participation Module Person- sessions/wk 6501 a Group size Observation Persons 30 H Sessions demanded G/a Sessions/wk 217 b Facility capacity Management Sessions/wk 12 I Total facilities required H/b # facilities 18.1 c Current supply Inventory # facilities 17 J Deficit I-c # facilities 1.1 Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 14. Compile inventory of facilities/services Multi-purpose facilities used to group activities (Fig. 9.7), e.g. Urban parks events jogging picnic walking Trails walking cycling Collect data on: category of facility ownership/management location activities accommodated programmes land area capacity usage Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 15. Supply module: simulate status quo I Outdoor soccer Indoor soccer Aerobics/ fitness Swim- ming Golf Netball I Volume 6501 1530 11,690 6389 3181 4395 K Group size 30 14 20 100 1 16 L Sessions /week 217 109 584 64 3181 275 M Facility capacity/ week 12 70 70 70 1000 25 N Facility quantum 18.1 1.6 8.3 0.9 3.2 11.0 O Current supply 17 2 8 1 3 11 P Surplus/deficit -0.1 0.4 -0.3 0.1 -0.2 0.0 Q Facility quantum 18 2 8 1 3 11 Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 15. Supply module: simulate status quo II Outdoor soccer Indoor soccer Aerobics/ fitness Swim- ming Golf Netball Q Facil. quantum 18 2 8 1 3 11 R Land per facility 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.5 60 0.2 S Land required 16.2 1.0 1.6 0.5 180.0 2.2 U Land price 000 800 800 800 800 800 800 V Constr n 000 200 1000 500 2000 5000 100 W Total cost 000 16,560 2800 5280 2400 51,000 2850 X Op. costs 000 75 150 75 500 500 10 Y Cost recovery 20 100 30 300 1500 5 Z Capital ch. 000 50 120 75 240 500 80 AA Annual net cost 2610 740 1440 1040 7500 1045 AB Net cost per person-session 15.44 18.60 2.46 3.26 52.39 9.15 Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 17. Project facility/service requirements New participation figures e.g. for the year 2020 inserted into the spreadsheet to create new facility/service requirements Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Task 18. Facility/service specifications Specify individual facility size/location, etc. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Tourism Facilities could be extended to include accommodation, transport and other infrastructure Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
The system as a whole Participation and Supply Module spreadsheets can be combined into one. Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Who decides? Key decisions involving the responsible elected or appointed body + any public participation concentrated in Objectives/outcomes module, including: whether to adopt U-Plan budgetary parameters issues to do with social equity and spatial equity : identification of groups, zones and setting targets whether to adopt an external rate as a target whether to adopt a high target whether to view tourism as a major component Participation and supply modules mostly technical Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
