Approaches to Planning in Leisure, Sport, and Tourism: A Detailed Analysis
This content discusses various approaches to planning for leisure, sport, and tourism, emphasizing stakeholder requirements, fixed standards, unmet needs, benefits provision, and increasing participation. It explores the types of approaches such as adopting fixed standards, providing opportunities, resource-based planning, meeting demand, and addressing stakeholder requests. The evaluation of fixed standards approach is elaborated with considerations for future population, facility deficiencies, and outcomes.
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4th Edition Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning A. J. Veal
CHAPTER 8 Evaluating Approaches to Planning for Leisure, Sport and Tourism Leisure, Sport & Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, E4, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Outline Introduction Requirements of stakeholders Fixed standards of provision Meeting unmet needs Providing opportunity Providing benefits Resource-based planning Increasing participation Meeting demand Conclusions Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Types of approach 1. Adopting fixed standards 2. Providing opportunity 3. Resource-based planning 4. Meeting demand 5. Meeting the requirements/requests of stakeholder groups 6. Meeting unmet needs 7. Providing benefits 8. Increasing participation Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
1. Fixed standards: types of standard Type of standard Description Prescribed level of provision of facilities/ services related to some criteria, e.g. level of population Fixed standard Specified percentage of land to be reserved for open space Area-percentage standard Specification of the service area of facilities, or maximum distance residents should have to travel Catchment area-based standard Dimensions etc. for individual facilities e.g. size, markings and equipment for a soccer pitch Facility standards Standards of provision, specific to an area based on local conditions and data Local standards Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
1. Fixed standards: approach (Fig. 8.1) N.B. Facilities = Facilities and services External agency Fixed standard Future population Current population Current requirements Current inventory Meet current facility deficiencies Meet future net facility requirements Plan Facilities provided as prescribed in standard Outcome
1. Fixed standards: evaluation Mission implications adoption of the goals of the external agency Consumer motivation model likely level of participation assumed to be fixed Operational model what: provide facilities for which there are standards how much: as specified in the standard Tourism implications generally not used in tourism planning Limitations doubts about basis of some standards and one-size-fits- all model Conclusion no longer recommended Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
2. Providing opportunity: evaluation Mission implications to provide (a diversity of) opportunities Consumer motivation model re. diversity of opportunities: different consumers have different tastes and will make use of facilities/services that match their tastes Operational model what: distinct groups are identified in the community ( market segments ) and facilities/services designed and provided to match the tastes of these groups how much: determined by size of the group, but other method required to estimate level of participation Tourism implications demand and benefits (economic) approaches most appropriate Limitations goals/criteria for success not intrinsic; involve demand/ participation Conclusion not a planning approach in its own right, but a variation on demand- based or participation-based approaches Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
3. Resource-based planning (Fig. 8.2) Identify resources Examine leisure/sport/tourism potential of resources Develop infrastructure Plan Use of resources for leisure purposes Outcome Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
3. Resource-based planning: 4 types (Table 8.2) 1. Residual land allocated to leisure when not usable for other purposes (e.g. flood plains) 2. Opportunistic existing resources adapted for leisure purposes (e.g. obsolete docklands, historic buildings) 3. Conservation use of natural/heritage resources for leisure 4. Environmental spectrum e.g. Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Environmental spectrum approach: Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) Clarke & Stankey (Table 8.3) Spectrum of settings: modern (e.g. developed campsite) semi-modern semi-primitive primitive (e.g. untouched wilderness) Management/on-site activities: access (roads etc.) non-recreation resource uses (e.g. forestry) management site modification (e.g. parking) social interaction (contact with other users) visitor impact (e.g. litter, erosion) regimentation (overt visitor control) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) (contd) Management/ activities 1. Modern 2. Semi- modern 3. Semi- primitive 4. Primitive Access Easy Moderately difficult Depends Difficult Very difficult Non-recreation resource uses Compatible on large scale Depends Not compatible Management site modification Very extensive Moderately extensive Minimal None Social interaction Frequent Moderately frequent Infrequent None Visitor impact High Moderate Minimal None Regimentation Strict Moderate Minimal None Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
3. Resource-based planning: evaluation Mission implications residual: depends on method used to determine supply quantum opportunistic: often economic conservation: mainly conservation goals spectrum: conservation + demand + participation Consumer motivation model residual: no discernible model opportunistic: demand-based feasibility studies conservation: model unidentified spectrum: similar to opportunities model Operational model determined by the nature of the resource Tourism implications opportunistic and conservation versions highly relevant Limitations limited reference to the leisure user Conclusion a component of planning rather than a planning approach in its own right Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
4. Meeting demand (see Ch. 3) (Fig. 8.3) Current population Future population Currenttotal demand Supplyconditions Demand implications Met demand Unmet demand Facility implications Supply inventory Facility implications Meet current facility deficiencies Meet increases in facility requirements Plan Original met demand Increase in met demand: current Increase in met demand: future Outcomes Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Meeting demand approach: evaluation Mission implications aim: to meet current unmet demand + future demand Consumer motivation model demand model related to consumer characteristics + supply conditions Operational model what: private sector: market processes; public sector see benefits how much: private sector market processes; public sector modelling Tourism implications applies to tourism; often involves economic benefit approach Limitations need for budget limit or cost-benefit analysis complex/expensive data collection and analysis confusion over demand concept by non-economists Conclusion complexity of demand modelling and cost-benefit analysis limits application Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
5. Meeting the requirements/requests of stakeholder groups (see Ch. 10) (Fig. 8.4) Consult stakeholders Evaluate stakeholder views Provide facilities as requested/evaluated Plan Stakeholder satisfaction Outcomes Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Stakeholder consultation approach: evaluation Mission implications provision made in response to stakeholder requirements Consumer motivation model stakeholder information assumed to reflect consumer requirements/intentions Operational model what: determined by advice of stakeholders how much: determined by advice of stakeholders Tourism implications consultation generally concerned with environmental impacts stakeholders include tourism industry Limitations problem of representativeness of stakeholder representatives how to evaluate, especially conflicting views Conclusion OK for qualitative inputs, political involvement evaluation problem Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
6. Meeting unmet needs (Fig. 8.5) Need: see Chapter 3 Inventory Needssurvey Community profile Analysis Issues/priorities Plan Facilities required Outcome Needsmet Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Needs-based planning: evaluation Mission implications once identified: all needs to be met Consumer motivation model assumed unmet needs can be discovered via survey people will use facilities provided to meet needs Operational model what: determined by identified need how much: grossing up needs identified in survey Tourism implications not appropriate for tourism in the sense need used here, but see Ch. 3 Limitations problem of distinguishing needs from wants in surveys (see Ch. 3) problem of distinguishing needs-driven users from wants-driven users problem of community consensus on what is a need problem of judging which needs to meet Conclusion Above limitations make the approach difficult/impossible to implement Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
7. Providing benefits(Fig. 8.6) Two approaches (as discussed in Ch. 3): economic approach Benefits-Based Management (BBM) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Benefits: A. Economic approach Identify market failure activities/facilities Evaluate range of projects using cost-benefit analysis Provide facilities that produce acceptable levels of benefits Plan Usage User and non-user benefits produced Outcome Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Benefits: economic approach: evaluation Mission implications aim is to increase level of user/community benefits from leisure provision Consumer motivation model economic demand/ consumption function model Operational model what: see market failure arguments (Ch. 3) how much: determined by cost-benefit analysis Tourism implications highly relevant to tourism planning Limitations complexity/cost of data collection/analysis Conclusion local use will be restricted by above limitation Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Identify existing activity/facility/ setting/zone combinations Benefits: B. BBM approach For each of the above: gather benefits/outcome data from user market segments, local communities and re. environment Setting = descriptive location of a leisure activity e.g. lake, trail, campsite Analyse Plan Modify/provide facilities Usage (Enhanced) fit between benefits/outcomes and facility/setting features Outcomes Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Benefits: BBM approach: evaluation Mission implications setting management matches benefits outcomes and setting characteristics Consumer motivation model the above enhances user benefits Operational model what: activities/facilities that best match setting characteristics how much: approach not clear on this Tourism implications applies equally to tourist and day-trip visitors Limitations lack of guidance on non-user data and new facility evaluation large quantity of data to be collected Conclusion above limitations limit the practical usefulness of the approach Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
8. Increasing participation (Fig. 8.7) Current participation levels Criteria for setting targets Set target participation levels Facility/service implications Plan Provide facilities/services Usage of facilities/services Increased participation (proxy for benefits) Outcome Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Participation approach: evaluation Mission implications concentrates on participation so requires the setting of targets Consumer motivation model Various models possible Ch. 8 model assumes participation related to socio-demographic variables and facility access Operational model what: underpinned by benefits model how much: targets are political decisions Tourism implications tourism participation/demand for leisure can be incorporated Limitations excludes non-participation-related benefits problem of weighting different groups Conclusion overcomes many of the defects of other approaches the method is selected for development in Ch. 9 Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Planning approaches: conclusions (Fig. 8.8) Demand Benefits Needs Outcomes User benefits PARTICIPATION Stakeholder consult Non-user benefits Opportunities Facilities/services required Resource-based Standards Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
Land-use planning Statutory system controlling use of land in a planning area Typically operated by local councils under law Sometimes town planning Zoning e.g. residential, retail, industrial, open space Published land-use plan Implementation: development control process Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts
