Project Quality Management Overview

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PROJECT QUALITY
MANAGEMENT
 
 
Introduction
 
Project quality management includes the process
required to ensure that the project satisfies the
needs for which it is undertaken.
 
PQM includes all the activities of the overall
management function that determine the quality
policy, objectives, and responsibilities and
implement them within the quality system.
 
Means of Implementation of
PQM
 
QUALITY PLANING
QUALITY ASSURANCE
QUALITY CONTROL
These processes interact with each other as well as with the
processes of other knowledge areas
Each process involves an effort of one or more individual
or group of individuals based on the need of the project.
Each process occurs at least once in every project phase
during the project life cycle.
 
Definition
 
Q. What is Quality Planning ?
 
A. Quality Planning is identifying which
quality standards are relevant to the project
and determining how to satisfy them
It is a step required to ensure that  specified
standards are met
 
Definition
 
Q. What is Quality Assurance
 
A. Quality assurance is evaluating the overall
project performance/system on a regular basis to
provide a confidence that the project will satisfy the
relevant quality standards.
It is the procedures for guarding against defects and
deficiencies before and during the execution of the
work.
 
Definition
 
Q. What is Quality Control
A. Quality Control is the monitoring of specific
project results to determine if they comply with the
relevant quality standards and identifying ways to
eliminate causes of unsatisfactory performance.
It is a procedure for evaluating completed activities
and elements of the design for conformance with the
requirements.
 
 
 
1- 
INPUTS
-Quality policy
-Scope statement/Contract Doc
-
Product description/Tech. spec
-
Standards and regulations
-
Other process outputs
2- 
TOOLS AND TECH.
-
benefit/ cost analysis
-
Benchmarking
-
Flowcharting
-
Mix Design /other experiments
3- 
OUTPUTS
-
Quality management plan
-
Operational definitions
-
checklists
-
Inputs to other processes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1- 
INPUTS
-Quality management plan
-result of quality control
measurements
-
Operational definitions
2- 
TOOLS AND TECH.
-
Quality planning tools and
techniques
-
Quality audits
3- 
OUTPUTS
-
Quality improvement
 
1- 
INPUTS
-work results
-quality management plan
-
Operational definitions
-
checklists
2- 
TOOLS AND TECH.
-
Inspection
-
Statistical sampling
-
Evaluating  Methodology
-
Work permit
3- 
OUTPUTS
-
Quality improvement
-
Acceptance decisions
-
rework
-
Completed checklist
-
Process adjustment
 
 
PQM Approach compatibility
 
 compatible with ISO 9000 and 1000 series
of standard guidelines
Approaches to quality as recommended by
Deming, Juran, and Crosby, and others.
Other approaches such as TQM, Continuous
improvement approaches  and others.
 
Nature of PQM
 
Project quality management must address
both the management of the project and the
product of the project.
Failure to meet quality requirements in
either dimension can have serious and
negative consequences for any or all of the
project stakeholders
 
Common understanding
 
   Quality management should complement
modern project management as they both
recognize the importance of :
1- Customer satisfaction
2- Prevention over inspection
3- Management responsibility
4- Processes within phases
        (plan – do –check – act cycle)
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QUALITY PLANNING
 
In detail
 
Quality planning
 
Quality Planning involves identifying with quality
standards
It is a key facilitating process during the Project
planning Process
In modern quality management quality is planned
in and not inspected in
Prior to the development of ISO 9000 series,
quality planning concepts were widely discussed
as part of quality assurance.
 
 
Quality Planning Flowchart
 
Quality Planning Inputs
 
    
Quality policy
 
the over all intentions and direction of an organization
with regard to quality, as formally expressed by the top
management
In the case of a joint venture, a quality policy for the
individual project should be developed
The management team is responsible for dissipating the
quality policy to all project stakeholders through
appropriate information distribution channels
 
Quality Planning Inputs
 
   
Scope Statement/Contract Document
 
The scope statement is a key input to
quality planning because  it documents
major project deliverables as well as project
objectives which serve to define important
stakeholder requirements
 
Quality Planning Inputs
 
   Product description/Technical Specificat.
Although the elements of the product
description may be embodied in the scope
statement, the product  description often
contains details of technical issues and other
concerns that may affect quality planning
 
Quality Planning Inputs
 
   
Standards and Regulations
 
The project management team any application-area-
specific standards or regulations that may affect the
project
Referenced Material  and Testing Standards such as
AASHTO Standard Specification and Method of
Testing,  ASTM  and BS
 
Quality Planning Inputs
 
 
Other Process Outputs
 
In addition to the scope statement and product
description, processes in other knowledge areas
may produce outputs that should be considered as
part of the quality planning
Example
: procurement planning outputs may
identify contractor quality requirements that
should be reflected in the overall Quality
Management Plan
 
Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning
 
Benefit / cost analysis
The planning process must consider benefit/cost
tradeoffs
The Primary Benefit: Is less work, higher
productivity, lower costs, and increased stakeholder
satisfaction
The Primary Cost: Is the expanses associated with
PQM activities
Note: it is elementary that the benefit should outweigh
the cost
 
Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning
 
 
Benchmarking
Benchmarking involves comparing actual or planned
project practices to those of other projects to
generate ideas to:
 1.Generate ideas for improvement
 2.  provide a standard for measurement of
performance
 
Note: other projects compared may be within the same
organization or out side and may be within the same
application area or in another
 
Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning
 
 
IDENTIFICATION/TRACEBILITY
FLOW CHARTING
 
The flowcharting techniques in quality management
generally include System or process flow charts
 
Flowcharting can help in anticipating probable quality
problems and thus helps to develop approaches for dealing
with them
 
Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning
 
 
DOCUMENTED PROCEDURE FOR QUERIES
 
Planning exposes any errors, gaps or discrepancies which
may exist in the drawings and specifications defining the
client’s requirements
Establishing a documented procedure whereby the
contractor’s queries and the designer’s responses can be
recorded formally is a vital tool
 
Outputs from Quality Planning
 
 
Quality Management Plan
 
The quality management plan should describe how
a project management team will implement its
quality policy
Also called Quality System, (in ISO terminology),
the plan should define :
-
The organizational structure
-
Roles and responsibilities
-
Resources needed for implementation of quality management
 
Outputs from Quality Planning
 
 
Quality Management Plan (continued)
 
The Quality Plan should address:
-
Quality Control of the project
-
Quality Assurance
-
Quality Improvement of the project
 
Note: the project quality plan can be highly detailed or
broadly framed based on the needs of the project
 
 
 
 
Outputs from Quality Planning
 
 
INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN
-
. The plan, which may be presented  as a schedule or
flow chart,  will list and  reference  all the  relevant
tests  and  inspections  in the sequence in which they
should be performed, together  with the
documentation to be used to record the results
-
Notification points (N)
-
Hold points (H)
 
Outputs from Quality Planning
 
 
WORK INSTRUCTIONS/CHECKLISTS
A checklist is a structured tool used to verify that a
set of required steps or requirements have been
performed.
Many organizations have standard checklists to
ensure consistency of frequently performed
activities
undefined
 
QUALITY ASSURANCE
 
In detail
 
Quality Assurance
 
Quality assurance encompasses all the planned and
systematic activity implemented in a quality system
to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the
relevant quality standards
Quality assurance is provided by a Quality
Assurance dept.
Quality assurance can be INERNAL ( from the
project management team to the performing
organization)
Quality assurance can be EXTERNAL (provided to
the customer and other parties actively involved in
the work of the project
 
 
Quality Assurance Flowchart
 
Inputs To Quality Assurance
 
Quality management plan as previously described
 
Results of quality control measurements which are
records of quality control testing and measurement
in a format of comparison or analysis
Test Plan
checklist
 
Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
 
Quality Planning tools and techniques , which can
be used for quality assurance as well
Quality Audits which are a structured review of
other quality management activities:
-
they may be timely or carried out randomly
-
They may be carried out by properly trained
Internal-auditors or by third parties such as quality
systems registration agencies
 
Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
 
Quality Audit Tools
VERIFICATION OF MATERIALS COMPLIANCE
MONITORING SPECIAL PROCESSES
DOCUMENT CONTROL PROCEDURE
SAMPLING
INSPECTION, MEASURING AND TEST EQUIPMENT
CONDUCTING INSPECTION AND TESTING
INSPECTION AND TEST STATUS
CONTROL  OF NON-CONFORMING PRODUCT
 
Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
 
VERIFICATION OF MATERIALS COMPLIANCE
Verification of compliance with specifications commences
when materials or supplies are received at the site. The
criteria for compliance are usually defined in the
specifications, together with the 
appropriate sampling and
testing procedures.
The extent 
 to which  materials  should  be inspected on
receipt should be carefully planned, bearing in mind the
costs of inspection  and  the possible  penalties  which  may
arise from  using  sub- standard items into the works.
 
Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
 
MONITORING SPECIAL PROCESSES
 
Special processes can be defined as the  results  of which
cannot  be fully verified by subsequent inspection  and
testing  of the product and  where,  for example,  processing
deficiency may become apparent only after the product is in
use.
 
Examples of special processes carried out on a construction
site include the placement and compaction of concrete,
welding, tunnel grouting and painting. All these operations
depend on operator skill and care.
 
Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
 
MONITORING SPECIAL PROCESSES
 
 The standard stipulates that to ensure that specified
standards are met, such processes require 
continuous
monitoring and/or compliance with documented
procedures
.
 
Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
 
 
DOCUMENT CONTROL PROCEDURE
The procedure should  first  define  the  documents which
can  directly influence the quality of the product.
Typically, these may include the following:
Drawings
Specifications
Quality  plans
Project procedures
Work  instructions
Inspection  and  test plans.
 
Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
 
 
DOCUMENT CONTROL PROCEDURE
These documents are classified as ‘
controlled documents
’.
This means that a register should be kept  of each  document
listing:-
the  date  of origin  or receipt of each version (or revision),
and
the dates and locations  of issues.
The procedure should  identify  the  person  responsible   for
holding  and maintaining the registers and should define the
system and documentation to be used.
 
Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
 
 
DOCUMENT CONTROL PROCEDURE
the  procedure for document issue has  to  be capable of
ensuring that:
The  pertinent issues  of  appropriate  documents are
available  at  all locations  where operations essential to the
effective functioning of the quality  system are performed.
Obsolete  documents are promptly removed from all points
of issue or use’.
These requirements may be satisfied  by the use of a
numbered document issue slip which identifies the
recipient,  lists the accompanying documents and  has a
tear-off  section  to be signed by the recipient  as a receipt.
 
Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
 
 
SAMPLING
Control and verification  of compliance  with specification
are provided  by inspection   and  testing.  But  however
hard   we  may  try,  certainty   of compliance  with
specification  will always  be beyond  our  grasp.  Even if
our  quality  plans  were to require  100  per cent inspection
and  testing  of every component
 
Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
 
 
INSPECTION, MEASURING AND TEST EQUIPMENT
The degree of confidence that may be had in measuring and
testing procedures is dependent upon the accuracy and
reliability of the measuring  and  testing  equipment. Control
must  therefore  be exerted  to ensure that  only the correct
equipment is used and that  it is systematically maintained
and  calibrated.
 
Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
 
 
CONDUCT
 
INSPECTION AND TESTING
 
During  the  course  of  the  work  the  checks  and  tests
scheduled  in  the Inspection  and  Test  Plans  are  carried
out  in  order  to  control   quality.
standards of quality management system require that  ‘the
responsibility, authority and the interrelation of  all
personnel  who  manage,  perform  and  verify  work
affecting quality shall be defined’
 
Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
 
 
INSPECTION AND TEST STATUS
A system should  be operated to indicate  the inspection  status
of material during  intermediate stages of processing  or
manufacture so that  it is at all times possible to distinguish that
which has been inspected and found acceptable  from that  which
has not.  In many cases, inspection  status  can conveniently  be
indicated  by the attachment of stickers or labels. Another
method  is the  use  of a  check  list.
For  example,  airliner  crews  use  pre- printed  check sheets to
tick off all the checks they are obliged to carry out at  each  stage
of  a  flight or a check sheet for use on a construction site is the
‘verification  documents’  scheduled  on  the Inspection and Test
Plan .
 
 
Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
 
 
CONTROL  OF NON-CONFORMING PRODUCT
Despite the emphasis  of quality  system on matters  of
prevention, it is inevitable that  sooner  or later the
production or construction process will yield some
defective  work.  When  this  happens  it is necessary  that
there should  be a procedure to prevent  any further  harm
being done and to put right  that  which  is wrong.  There
are three  stages to be dealt  with  in this procedure:
Identification
Segregation
Disposition.
 
 
Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance
 
 
CORRECTIVE ACTION/QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
‘Corrective  action’ is a term for measures  taken  by
management to ensure  that  conditions which  may impede
or prevent  the achievement  of specification requirements
are identified and corrected.  The need for corrective  action
may  be  indicated  by  evidence  that  non-conformances
have  already   occurred,  for  example   through  inspectors’
reports   or customer  complaints.
 
Outputs From Quality Assurance
 
 
CORRECTIVE ACTION/QUALITY
IMPROVEMENT
 
Quality improvement includes taking action to increase the
effectiveness and efficiency of the project to be provide
added benefits to the stakeholders of that project .
 
In many cases the implementation of quality improvements
will require preparation of change requests or taking
corrective actions and will be handled according to
procedure for overall change control
undefined
 
QUALITY CONTROL
 
In detail
 
3. QUALITY CONTROL
 
Quality
 control 
(QC) refers to the
procedures for evaluating completed
activities and elements of the design for
conformance with the requirements
 
QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES
 
Inputs to Quality Control
Tools and Techniques for Quality
Control
Outputs from Quality Control
 
 
Inputs to Quality Control
 
A supervisor should use the following  quality control inputs to
supervise the quality of work.
i)Work results.
Work results include both 
process 
results and 
product 
results.
Information about the planned or expected results (from the project
plan) should be available along with information about the actual
results.
ii)Works permit Checklists.
 
A checklist is a structured tool, usually industry- or activity-specific,
used to verify that a set of required steps has been performed.
Checklists may be simple or complex. They are phrased as
imperatives (_Do this! _) or interrogatories (_Have you done this? _).
The company has a documented procedure, referd as 
WORK
PERMIT
, with standardized checklists available to ensure consistency
in frequently performed activities.
 
Tools and Techniques for Quality
Control…cont’d
 
Evaluation of contractor's work methodology
and Approval for work permit
The contractor's work methodology will be evaluated
by the resident engineer prior to commencing any
activity of work. Following fulfillment of the work
methodology the resident engineer will check physical
set up of the work to verify whether it is as per the
stated methodology. The overall process will be
managed as per the WORK PERMIT
DOCUMENTED PROCEDURE
 
Inputs to Quality
Control..cont’d
 
Inputs to other processes.
The quality planning process may identify a need for further
activity in another area.
Operational definitions.
An operational definition describes, in very specific terms, what
something is, and how it is measured by the quality control
process. The detail is specified in the external document called
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
 
Outputs from Quality Control
 
Quality improvement.
Quality improvement includes taking action
to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of
the project to provide added benefits to the
project stakeholders.
Acceptance decisions.
The items inspected will be either accepted or
rejected. Rejected items may require rework.
 
Outputs from Quality Control
 
Rework.
Rework is action taken to bring a defective or non-
conforming item into compliance with requirements or
specifications. Rework, especially unanticipated Rework, is a
frequent cause of project overruns in most application areas.
Completed checklists.
 When checklists are used, the completed checklists
should become part of the project’s records
Process adjustments.
Process adjustments involve immediate corrective or
preventive action as a result of quality control
measurements.
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Project Quality Management (PQM) ensures project needs are met through quality planning, assurance, and control. It involves identifying relevant quality standards, evaluating project performance, and monitoring results for compliance. The processes of PQM interact with other knowledge areas and involve efforts of individuals or groups throughout the project life cycle.


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  1. PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENT

  2. Introduction Project quality management includes the process required to ensure that the project satisfies the needs for which it is undertaken. PQM includes all the activities of the overall management function that determine the quality policy, objectives, and responsibilities and implement them within the quality system.

  3. Means of Implementation of PQM QUALITY PLANING QUALITY ASSURANCE QUALITY CONTROL These processes interact with each other as well as with the processes of other knowledge areas Each process involves an effort of one or more individual or group of individuals based on the need of the project. Each process occurs at least once in every project phase during the project life cycle.

  4. Definition Q. What is Quality Planning ? A. Quality Planning is identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and determining how to satisfy them It is a step required to ensure that specified standards are met

  5. Definition Q. What is Quality Assurance A. Quality assurance is evaluating the overall project performance/system on a regular basis to provide a confidence that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards. It is the procedures for guarding against defects and deficiencies before and during the execution of the work.

  6. Definition Q. What is Quality Control A. Quality Control is the monitoring of specific project results to determine if they comply with the relevant quality standards and identifying ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory performance. It is a procedure for evaluating completed activities and elements of the design for conformance with the requirements.

  7. PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENT QUALIT PLANNING QUALITY ASSURANCE QUALITY CONTROL 1- INPUTS 1- INPUTS 1- INPUTS -work results -Quality policy -Quality management plan -quality management plan -Scope statement/Contract Doc -result of quality control measurements -Operational definitions -Product description/Tech. spec -Operational definitions -checklists -Standards and regulations 2- TOOLS AND TECH. 2- TOOLS AND TECH. -Other process outputs -Quality planning tools and techniques -Inspection 2- TOOLS AND TECH. -Statistical sampling -benefit/ cost analysis -Quality audits -Evaluating Methodology -Benchmarking 3- OUTPUTS -Work permit -Flowcharting -Quality improvement 3- OUTPUTS -Mix Design /other experiments -Quality improvement 3- OUTPUTS -Acceptance decisions -Quality management plan -rework -Operational definitions -Completed checklist -checklists -Process adjustment -Inputs to other processes

  8. PQM Approach compatibility compatible with ISO 9000 and 1000 series of standard guidelines Approaches to quality as recommended by Deming, Juran, and Crosby, and others. Other approaches such as TQM, Continuous improvement approaches and others.

  9. Nature of PQM Project quality management must address both the management of the project and the product of the project. Failure to meet quality requirements in either dimension can have serious and negative consequences for any or all of the project stakeholders

  10. Common understanding Quality management should complement modern project management as they both recognize the importance of : 1- Customer satisfaction 2- Prevention over inspection 3- Management responsibility 4- Processes within phases (plan do check act cycle)

  11. QUALITY PLANNING In detail

  12. Quality planning Quality Planning involves identifying with quality standards It is a key facilitating process during the Project planning Process In modern quality management quality is planned in and not inspected in Prior to the development of ISO 9000 series, quality planning concepts were widely discussed as part of quality assurance.

  13. Quality Planning Flowchart INPUTS TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OUTPUTS 1-Quality policy 2- Scope statement/Contract 3- Product description/Tech. Spec 4- Standards and regulations 5- Other process outputs 1- Benefit/ cost analysis 2- Benchmarking 3- Identification/ tracing flowchart 4- Documented procedure for queries 1-Quality Management plan 2- Inspection/Test Plan 3- Work instruction/ checklists

  14. Quality Planning Inputs Quality policy the over all intentions and direction of an organization with regard to quality, as formally expressed by the top management In the case of a joint venture, a quality policy for the individual project should be developed The management team is responsible for dissipating the quality policy to all project stakeholders through appropriate information distribution channels

  15. Quality Planning Inputs Scope Statement/Contract Document The scope statement is a key input to quality planning because it documents major project deliverables as well as project objectives which serve to define important stakeholder requirements

  16. Quality Planning Inputs Product description/Technical Specificat. Although the elements of the product description may be embodied in the scope statement, the product description often contains details of technical issues and other concerns that may affect quality planning

  17. Quality Planning Inputs Standards and Regulations The project management team any application-area- specific standards or regulations that may affect the project Referenced Material and Testing Standards such as AASHTO Standard Specification and Method of Testing, ASTM and BS

  18. Quality Planning Inputs Other Process Outputs In addition to the scope statement and product description, processes in other knowledge areas may produce outputs that should be considered as part of the quality planning Example: procurement planning outputs may identify contractor quality requirements that should be reflected in the overall Quality Management Plan

  19. Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning Benefit / cost analysis The planning process must consider benefit/cost tradeoffs The Primary Benefit: Is less work, higher productivity, lower costs, and increased stakeholder satisfaction The Primary Cost: Is the expanses associated with PQM activities Note: it is elementary that the benefit should outweigh the cost

  20. Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning Benchmarking Benchmarking involves comparing actual or planned project practices to those of other projects to generate ideas to: 1.Generate ideas for improvement 2. provide a standard for measurement of performance Note: other projects compared may be within the same organization or out side and may be within the same application area or in another

  21. Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning IDENTIFICATION/TRACEBILITY FLOW CHARTING The flowcharting techniques in quality management generally include System or process flow charts Flowcharting can help in anticipating probable quality problems and thus helps to develop approaches for dealing with them

  22. Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning DOCUMENTED PROCEDURE FOR QUERIES Planning exposes any errors, gaps or discrepancies which may exist in the drawings and specifications defining the client s requirements Establishing a documented procedure whereby the contractor s queries and the designer s responses can be recorded formally is a vital tool

  23. Outputs from Quality Planning Quality Management Plan The quality management plan should describe how a project management team will implement its quality policy Also called Quality System, (in ISO terminology), the plan should define : - The organizational structure - Roles and responsibilities - Resources needed for implementation of quality management

  24. Outputs from Quality Planning Quality Management Plan (continued) The Quality Plan should address: - Quality Control of the project - Quality Assurance - Quality Improvement of the project Note: the project quality plan can be highly detailed or broadly framed based on the needs of the project

  25. Outputs from Quality Planning INSPECTION AND TEST PLAN - . The plan, which may be presented as a schedule or flow chart, will list and reference all the relevant tests and inspections in the sequence in which they should be performed, together with the documentation to be used to record the results - Notification points (N) - Hold points (H)

  26. Outputs from Quality Planning WORK INSTRUCTIONS/CHECKLISTS A checklist is a structured tool used to verify that a set of required steps or requirements have been performed. Many organizations have standard checklists to ensure consistency of frequently performed activities

  27. QUALITY ASSURANCE In detail

  28. Quality Assurance Quality assurance encompasses all the planned and systematic activity implemented in a quality system to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards Quality assurance is provided by a Quality Assurance dept. Quality assurance can be INERNAL ( from the project management team to the performing organization) Quality assurance can be EXTERNAL (provided to the customer and other parties actively involved in the work of the project

  29. Quality Assurance Flowchart INPUTS TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OUTPUTS 1-Quality management plan 2- Results of quality control measurements 3- Test Plan 4-checklist 1- Quality planning tools and techniques 2- Quality audits 1-Quality improvement

  30. Inputs To Quality Assurance Quality management plan as previously described Results of quality control measurements which are records of quality control testing and measurement in a format of comparison or analysis Test Plan checklist

  31. Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance Quality Planning tools and techniques , which can be used for quality assurance as well Quality Audits which are a structured review of other quality management activities: - they may be timely or carried out randomly - They may be carried out by properly trained Internal-auditors or by third parties such as quality systems registration agencies

  32. Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance Quality Audit Tools VERIFICATION OF MATERIALS COMPLIANCE MONITORING SPECIAL PROCESSES DOCUMENT CONTROL PROCEDURE SAMPLING INSPECTION, MEASURING AND TEST EQUIPMENT CONDUCTING INSPECTION AND TESTING INSPECTION AND TEST STATUS CONTROL OF NON-CONFORMING PRODUCT

  33. Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance VERIFICATION OF MATERIALS COMPLIANCE Verification of compliance with specifications commences when materials or supplies are received at the site. The criteria for compliance are usually defined in the specifications, together with the appropriate sampling and testing procedures. The extent to which materials should be inspected on receipt should be carefully planned, bearing in mind the costs of inspection and the possible penalties which may arise from using sub- standard items into the works.

  34. Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance MONITORING SPECIAL PROCESSES Special processes can be defined as the results of which cannot be fully verified by subsequent inspection and testing of the product and where, for example, processing deficiency may become apparent only after the product is in use. Examples of special processes carried out on a construction site include the placement and compaction of concrete, welding, tunnel grouting and painting. All these operations depend on operator skill and care.

  35. Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance MONITORING SPECIAL PROCESSES The standard stipulates that to ensure that specified standards are met, such processes require continuous monitoring and/or compliance with documented procedures.

  36. Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance DOCUMENT CONTROL PROCEDURE The procedure should first define the documents which can directly influence the quality of the product. Typically, these may include the following: Drawings Specifications Quality plans Project procedures Work instructions Inspection and test plans.

  37. Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance DOCUMENT CONTROL PROCEDURE These documents are classified as controlled documents . This means that a register should be kept of each document listing:- the date of origin or receipt of each version (or revision), and the dates and locations of issues. The procedure should identify the person responsible for holding and maintaining the registers and should define the system and documentation to be used.

  38. Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance DOCUMENT CONTROL PROCEDURE the procedure for document issue has to be capable of ensuring that: The pertinent issues of appropriate documents are available at all locations where operations essential to the effective functioning of the quality system are performed. Obsolete documents are promptly removed from all points of issue or use . These requirements may be satisfied by the use of a numbered document issue slip which identifies the recipient, lists the accompanying documents and has a tear-off section to be signed by the recipient as a receipt.

  39. Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance SAMPLING Control and verification of compliance with specification are provided by inspection and testing. But however hard we may try, certainty of compliance with specification will always be beyond our grasp. Even if our quality plans were to require 100 per cent inspection and testing of every component

  40. Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance INSPECTION, MEASURING AND TEST EQUIPMENT The degree of confidence that may be had in measuring and testing procedures is dependent upon the accuracy and reliability of the measuring and testing equipment. Control must therefore be exerted to ensure that only the correct equipment is used and that it is systematically maintained and calibrated.

  41. Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance CONDUCTINSPECTION AND TESTING During the course of the work the checks and tests scheduled in the Inspection and Test Plans are carried out in order to control quality. standards of quality management system require that the responsibility, authority and the interrelation of all personnel who manage, perform and verify work affecting quality shall be defined

  42. Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance INSPECTION AND TEST STATUS A system should be operated to indicate the inspection status of material during intermediate stages of processing or manufacture so that it is at all times possible to distinguish that which has been inspected and found acceptable from that which has not. In many cases, inspection status can conveniently be indicated by the attachment of stickers or labels. Another method is the use of a check list. For example, airliner crews use pre- printed check sheets to tick off all the checks they are obliged to carry out at each stage of a flight or a check sheet for use on a construction site is the verification documents scheduled on the Inspection and Test Plan .

  43. Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance CONTROL OF NON-CONFORMING PRODUCT Despite the emphasis of quality system on matters of prevention, it is inevitable that sooner or later the production or construction process will yield some defective work. When this happens it is necessary that there should be a procedure to prevent any further harm being done and to put right that which is wrong. There are three stages to be dealt with in this procedure: Identification Segregation Disposition.

  44. Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance CORRECTIVE ACTION/QUALITY IMPROVEMENT Corrective action is a term for measures taken by management to ensure that conditions which may impede or prevent the achievement of specification requirements are identified and corrected. The need for corrective action may be indicated by evidence that non-conformances have already occurred, for example through inspectors reports or customer complaints.

  45. Outputs From Quality Assurance CORRECTIVE ACTION/QUALITY IMPROVEMENT Quality improvement includes taking action to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the project to be provide added benefits to the stakeholders of that project . In many cases the implementation of quality improvements will require preparation of change requests or taking corrective actions and will be handled according to procedure for overall change control

  46. QUALITY CONTROL In detail

  47. 3. QUALITY CONTROL Quality control (QC) refers to the procedures for evaluating completed activities and elements of the design for conformance with the requirements

  48. QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES Inputs to Quality Control Tools and Techniques for Quality Control Outputs from Quality Control

  49. INPUT OUTPUT TOOLS & TECHNIQUES Work results. Works permit Checklists. Inputs to other processes. Operational definitions. Quality improvement. Acceptance decisions. Rework. Completed checklists. Process adjustments. Regular Inspection. Statistical sampling. Evaluation of contractor's work methodology & Approval for work permit

  50. Inputs to Quality Control A supervisor should use the following quality control inputs to supervise the quality of work. i)Work results. Work results include both process results and product results. Information about the planned or expected results (from the project plan) should be available along with information about the actual results. ii)Works permit Checklists. A checklist is a structured tool, usually industry- or activity-specific, used to verify that a set of required steps has been performed. Checklists may be simple or complex. They are phrased as imperatives (_Do this! _) or interrogatories (_Have you done this? _). The company has a documented procedure, referd as WORK PERMIT, with standardized checklists available to ensure consistency in frequently performed activities.

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