Understanding Money Market Instruments and Yields

Slide Note

Money market instruments are short-term debt securities with high liquidity, low risk, and issued by high-quality borrowers. These instruments offer a higher return than cash holdings, making them attractive for investors. Bond equivalent yields provide a way to compare different types of securities. Effective annual return takes into account the compounding effect on investment returns. Learn more about these financial concepts from Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman's detailed insights and analysis.

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Money market Chapter 5 Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 1

Money market Debt instruments with original maturity of one year or less Issued by economic agents requiring short-term funds Purchased by economic agents with excess short-term funds Once issued, trade in active secondary markets Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 2

Money market Excessive cash holdings involve opportunity cost Cash gets zero interest Money market instrument provides an investment opportunity that generates a higher rate of interest than holding cash. Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 3

Money market instruments Sold in large denominations Prohibitive for individual investors Individuals invest indirectly through money market mutual funds Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 4

Money market instruments Issued by high quality borrowers Low default risk Default risk is late or non-payment of principal or interest Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 5

Money market instruments Original maturity of one year or less Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 6

Yields on money market securities Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 7

Bond equivalent yields Quoted nominal or stated rate earned on an investment over a one-year period. Does not consider the effects of compounding of interest during a less than one year investment horizon. Is the rate used to calculate the present value of an investment Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 8

Bond equivalent yields Compare discount securities to U.S. Treasury bonds with bond equivalent yields (ibey) ( ) P P 365 0 f = i bey P h 0 Pf = Face value P0 = Purchase price of the security h = Number of days until maturity Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 9

Effective annual return Bond equivalent rate does not consider the effects of compounding If interest is paid more than once year, true annual rate earned is effective annual return on an investment Bond equivalent yield on money market securities with a maturity of less than one year can be converted to an EAR Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 10

Effective annual return 365 / h + bey i = 1 1 EAR 365 / h Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 11

Discount yields Some money market instruments are bought and sold on a discount basis (e.g., Treasury bills and commercial paper) P0 is the purchase price at a discount from its face value at time 0 Pf is the face value received at maturity Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 12

Money market yields For discount yields, use 360 days ( ) P P 360 0 f = i dy P h f Pf = Face value P0 = Purchase price of the security h = Number of days until maturity Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 13

Comparison of discount yields and bond equivalent yields Ibey = idy (Pf/P0) (365/360) Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 14

Single payment yields Some money market securities, e.g. jumbo CDs and fed funds) pay interest only once during their lives , at maturity At maturity investor gets interest + maturity Single payment yield assumes 360 days Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 15

Single payment yields ibey = ispy (365/360) 365 / h + 365 ( / 360 h ) i spy = 1 1 EAR 365 / ( 1 ) 365 / h = + 365 /( / ) 1 EAR bey i h Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 16

Money market securities Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 17

Treasury bills Short-term obligation issued by government To cover current government budget deficit and to refinance maturing government debt Original maturities are 13 weeks or 26 weeks Denominations of multiples of $1,000 Default risk-free often referred to as risk-free asset Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 18

Treasury bills Discount security Zero-coupon security Return is the difference between the purchase price and the face value received at maturity Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 19

Federal funds Short-term funds transferred between financial institutions, usually for a period of one day Federal funds rate is the interest rate for borrowing federal funds Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 20

Repurchase agreements An agreement involving sale of securities by one party to another with a promise to repurchase the securities at a specified price and on a specified date Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 21

Reverse repurchase agreement An agreement involving the purchase of securities by one party from another with the promise to sell them back Haircut: Collateral is valued at slightly less than the market value Reflects the risk of the underlying Specific to security Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 22

Commercial paper An unsecured short-term promissory note issued by a company to raise short-term cash, often to finance working capital Generally not actively traded as unsecured Credit ratings are obtained Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 23

Negotiable certificates of deposit A bank-issued Fixed maturity Interest-bearing time deposit That specifies An interest rate and maturity date Is negotiable Denominations range from $100,000 to $10 million. Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 24

Negotiable certificates of deposit Bearer instrument: An instrument in which the holder at maturity receives the principal and interest. Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 25

Bankers acceptances A time draft payable to a seller of goods, with payment guaranteed by a bank Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 26

Comparison of money market securities Common features: Large denominations Low default risk Short maturities Differences: Liquidity Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 27

Money market participants Government Central bank Commercial banks Money market mutual funds Brokers and dealers Corporations Other financial institutions like insurance companies Individuals Dr. Lakshmi Kalyanaraman 28