Tool Marks: Examination, Processing, and Analysis
Types of Tool Marks
1.
Compression
: when tool is
pressed into soft material
◦
Show outline of tool
2.
Sliding
: when tool is slides
across the surface
◦
Has a pattern of parallel
striations
◦
Class characteristics are hard
to determine because many
tools make similar sliding
marks
3.
Cutting
: combination of
compression and sliding
1
Quality of the tool
mark is affected by
receiving surface:
--Good recipients
=Soft metals, plastics,
and painted surfaces
--Bad recipients=
Raw wood and hard
metal
Identify/search for mark:
•
First places to check: points of entry, locks, safes, etc.
•
Do not to alter existing tool marks—no attempt to fit
tool into mark
Document
•
Notes, sketch, Photographs—show location, but
not
useful in lab comparison
Collect:
•
Take the item back to the lab if possible
•
A cast of the tool mark should be made if the object cannot be
transported
•
Silicone rubber is the ideal casting material
2
Laboratory Examinations of Tool
Laboratory Examinations of Tool
Marks
Marks
Test marks for Microscopical Comparisons
◦
Make a test mark on a receiving surface to
replicate the mark at the scene, using ductile or
malleable material (to avoid damage) and the
same tool
Compare the test and questioned marks
◦
Examining Individual Characteristics
Result from manufacturing processes, wear,
and damage from misuse
3
Laboratory Examinations of Tool Marks:
Conclusions that can be made
Positive ID
◦
Class characteristics and individual characteristics
match
Negative ID
◦
Class characteristics do not match
Inconclusive
◦
Class characteristics match but that insufficient
match in individual characteristics
4
1.
Hammer marks on the heads of nails and
brads
2.
Extrusion marks on pipe
3.
Machining marks on metal shavings
4.
Extrusion marks in plastic film, plastic cling
wrap, and plastic bag
5.
Ream marks on sheets of flat glass
6.
Punch defect marks on illicitly
manufactured drug tablets
5
Striation Matching for Personal
Identification
o
Human finger and toe nails have striation
patterns on their upper and lower surfaces.
o
Size and spacing of striations is determined by
dermal ridges in nail bed
o
Nails are prepared for examination by
pressing them between two flat surfaces
o
Silicone rubber casts of nail ridges can be
made and compared microscopically
6
Tool marks at crime scenes provide valuable evidence for identification, with compression, sliding, and cutting marks revealing information about the tool used. The processing involves careful collection and examination, followed by detailed laboratory analysis to identify individual characteristics. Different types of tool marks and their significance in forensic investigations are discussed, along with the examination process for personal identification through striation matching on human nails.
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Presentation Transcript
Types of Tool Marks Compression: when tool is pressed into soft material Show outline of tool Sliding: when tool is slides across the surface Has a pattern of parallel striations Class characteristics are hard to determine because many tools make similar sliding marks Cutting: combination of compression and sliding 1. Quality of the tool mark is affected by receiving surface: --Good recipients =Soft metals, plastics, and painted surfaces --Bad recipients= Raw wood and hard metal 2. 3. 1
Processing of tool marks at crime scene Identify/search for mark: First places to check: points of entry, locks, safes, etc. Do not to alter existing tool marks no attempt to fit tool into mark Document Notes, sketch, Photographs show location, but not useful in lab comparison Collect: Take the item back to the lab if possible A cast of the tool mark should be made if the object cannot be transported Silicone rubber is the ideal casting material 2
Laboratory Examinations of Tool Marks Test marks for Microscopical Comparisons Make a test mark on a receiving surface to replicate the mark at the scene, using ductile or malleable material (to avoid damage) and the same tool Compare the test and questioned marks Examining Individual Characteristics Result from manufacturing processes, wear, and damage from misuse 3
Laboratory Examinations of Tool Marks: Conclusions that can be made Positive ID Class characteristics and individual characteristics match Negative ID Class characteristics do not match Inconclusive Class characteristics match but that insufficient match in individual characteristics 4
1. Hammer marks on the heads of nails and brads 2. Extrusion marks on pipe 3. Machining marks on metal shavings 4. Extrusion marks in plastic film, plastic cling wrap, and plastic bag 5. Ream marks on sheets of flat glass 6. Punch defect marks on illicitly manufactured drug tablets 5
Striation Matching for Personal Identification o Human finger and toe nails have striation patterns on their upper and lower surfaces. o Size and spacing of striations is determined by dermal ridges in nail bed o Nails are prepared for examination by pressing them between two flat surfaces o Silicone rubber casts of nail ridges can be made and compared microscopically 6
