The Immune System: Defenses Against Pathogens
Florida Science Fusion
Unit 8 Lesson 1
Pages 544-553
•
Identify the invaders
•
Call for help
•
Tag the invaders
•
Destroy the invaders
•
Remember the invaders
Immune System
A pathogen is an organism, virus, or
particle that can make you sick.
Can you name some pathogens?
Pathogen
Fungal
Meningitis
Bacteria
blood
infection
Flu
virus
Trichinella
Parasite
What are your external defenses against
pathogens?
•
Tears and saliva
•
tears and saliva both contain enzymes that destroy
invaders.
•
Skin
•
Skin provides both a physical and a chemical
barrier against the outside world.
•
Mucus membranes
•
Mucous membranes produce mucus in the nose.
Structures called cilia line the body's airways and
constantly wave foreign particles and mucus away
from the lungs to where they can be swallowed
safely.
External Defenses
If you were a pathogen, what external defenses of
the host’s body would you have to get past?
Choose one external defense and describe your
journey into the body.
Imagine! Think-Pair-Share
Inflammation
•
Blood rushes to the cut where the pathogen entered.
Platelets seal the open wound to prevent more
invaders from entering.
Fever
•
The body increases its internal temperature which
slows down the growth of bacteria and some other
pathogens.
White Blood cells
•
Specialized cells made in the bone marrow that fight
disease are produced to fight diseases.
Internal Defenses
Activity: Compare/Contrast Defenses
How do our defenses help us maintain homeostasis?
•
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a constant internal environment.
•
The nervous and endocrine systems control homeostasis in the body through
feedback mechanisms involving various organs and organ systems.
•
Examples of homeostatic processes in the body include temperature control,
pH balance, water and electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and respiration.
•
The Immune system is also involved with maintaining Homeostasis by using the
thymus gland to send chemical messages to the white blood cells to attack
invaders.
1.
Name 4 types of pathogens.
2.
Where are white blood cells
produced?
3.
How does having a Fever help your
body defend against pathogens?
Do you remember?
The
granulocytes
attack any invaders in large
numbers, and "eat" until they die. The pus in an
infected wound consists chiefly of dead
granulocytes
The
macrophages
are “big eaters” of invaders. They
are larger, live longer, and alert the rest of the
immune system of invaders.
•
Video 1
•
Video 2
•
Video 3
The
dendritic cells
are also "eater" cells and devour
intruders. And like the macrophages, the dendritic
cells help with the activation of the rest of the
immune system. They filter body fluids to clear
them of foreign organisms and particles.
Types of White Blood Cells
•
White blood cells called
lymphocytes
originate
in the bone marrow but migrate to parts of the
lymphatic system such as the lymph nodes,
spleen, and thymus.
•
Antigen
: Invading particle
•
Antibody
: A large Y shaped protein that is
produced by the immune system to mark
invaders.
•
Each lymphocyte cell is made to “match” up to
a specific type of antigen. Think of puzzle
pieces.
•
Video
•
Simulation
White Blood Cells (Lymphocytes)
•
T cells
are produced in the bone marrow and move to the
Thymus gland (part of the lymphatic system) when they
mature.
•
Helper T cells
are the main regulators of the immune
defense. Their primary task is to activate B cells and killer T
cells. The helper T cells are activated when a macrophage or
dendritic cell, which has eaten an invader, travels to the
nearest lymph node to present information about the
captured pathogen.
•
Killer T cells
are specialized for attacking cells infected by
viruses and bacteria. It also attacks cancer cells. The killer T
cell has receptors that are used to search each cell that it
meets. If a cell is infected, it is swiftly killed.
Lymphocytes (T cells)
•
The B lymphocyte cell
searches for antigens matching its
receptors. If it finds such antigen it connects to it, and inside the B
cell a triggering signal is set off.
•
The plasma cell
(created by a “triggered” B cell) is specialized in
producing an
antibody,
that matches an invader. Plasma cells
produce antibodies at an amazing rate and can release tens of
thousands of antibodies per second.
•
The Memory Cells
are a cell type produced by the division of B
cells. These cells have a prolonged life span and can thereby
"remember" specific intruders. T cells can also produce memory
cells with an even longer life span than B memory cells. The
second time an intruder tries to invade the body, B and T memory
cells help the immune system to activate much faster. The
invaders are wiped out before the infected human feels any
symptoms. The body has achieved immunity against the invader.
Lymphocytes (B-cells)
1.
An antigen is one of our body’s defense cells.
2.
A macrophage is a white blood cell that does lives longer
than other cells and is called a “big eater”.
3.
T cells mature to make plasma cells and memory cells.
4.
B cells form places on their surface to allow them to connect
to invading cells to “mark” them so they can be destroyed.
5.
Helper T cells are found in the Thymus gland and they
activate the immune response.
6.
Antibodies are Y shaped proteins produced by the immune
system to attach to antigens.
7.
Lymphocyte cells can match up to many different antigens.
Thumbs up/Thumbs down
Trace the Path of a Virus
The Virus or pathogen can take two paths
:
Path one
: They
Make it into a
Body cell
Path two
:
Captured by
one of the white
blood cells.
Path One:
Path 2
How does a vaccine work?
A Vaccine is prepared using a dead or weakened pathogen
and is given as a shot.
The immune system responds by making T cells, B cells,
and Memory cells.
If the pathogen enters the body after the vaccination,
Memory cells identify it and T cells and B cells begin to
attack the invader.
Video
Vaccine
Allergies: the immune system reacts to foreign particles that are not dangerous
to most people. When you have allergies, the immune system overreacts and
tries to "fight" ordinary things like grass, pollen, certain foods, or medicine. This
causes the sneezing, itching, and other reactions that you get with allergies.
Cancer: Cancer happens when cells that are not normal grow and spread very
fast. Normal body cells grow and divide and know to stop growing. Over time,
they also die. Unlike these normal cells, cancer cells just continue to grow and
divide out of control and don't die when they're supposed to.
Immune Deficiency: Immunodeficiency disorders are a group of disorders in
which part of the immune system is missing or defective. Therefore, the body's
ability to fight infections is impaired. As a result, the person with an
immunodeficiency disorder will have frequent infections that are generally more
severe and last longer than usual.
Auto Immune Diseases: The immune system attacks the body’s own cells. When
the immune system makes a mistake and attacks part of the body, it is called
autoimmunity. One example of an autoimmune disease is type 1 diabetes, in
which the immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.
Challenges to the Immune System
Our body systems work together to defend us from pathogens. Each system
has specific jobs that help the immune system keep us healthy. From the list
below, choose 2 systems and explain how the system helps the immune
system keep us safe.
Circulatory
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Skeletal
Musculatory
Skin (Integumentary)
Working together
The lymphatic system includes a system
of lymphatic capillaries, vessels, nodes,
and ducts that collect and transport
lymph fluid. It works along with the rest
of the immune system (mainly, the white
blood cells) to fight infections.
There are many clusters of lymph nodes.
The most abundant places lymph nodes
are found are in the neck, the armpit,
and the groin. Swelling of these nodes
indicates infection.
Lymphatic tissue is also found in the
thymus, spleen, tonsils, and appendix,
along with some special tissue in the
gut.
Movie of Lymph Node Function
Review of the Lymphatic System
The lymph fluid moves through the vessels as you move
the voluntary muscles in your body. Ever go on a plane
and have your feet swell up? Because you are sitting in
one place and not moving around, fluid collects in your
feet and they swell. The more you move, the more
effective your lymphatic system becomes.
Lymph nodes work like a filtering system. When the
body is invaded by foreign organisms, painful swelling
can sometimes be felt in the neck, armpits, groin, or
tonsils. The swelling comes from pathogens being
trapped inside the lymph nodes. Eventually these
organisms are destroyed by a type of white blood cell
that lines the walls of the lymph node causing the
swelling and pain to go away.
How does lymph fluid move?
How does the Lymph nodes work?
Assessment Slides are inserted throughout the PowerPoint.
Background information:
http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immunity//immune-overview.html
http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immunity//immune-detail.html
Delve into the intricate workings of the immune system as it fights off pathogens to protect the body. Explore how external defenses like tears, saliva, and skin, along with internal defenses like inflammation and white blood cells, work together to maintain homeostasis and safeguard against sickness. Gain insights into identifying invaders, calling for help, and destroying pathogens.
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Presentation Transcript
The Immune System Florida Science Fusion Unit 8 Lesson 1 Pages 544-553
Immune System To be immune means to be protected. The body system that helps fight off sickness is called the immune system. The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. Immune System Movie Identify the invaders Call for help Tag the invaders Destroy the invaders Remember the invaders Quiz Matching Activity Review the Lymphatic System
Pathogen A pathogen is an organism, virus, or particle that can make you sick. Fungal Meningitis Can you name some pathogens? Bacteria blood infection Trichinella Parasite Flu virus
External Defenses What are your external defenses against pathogens? Tears and saliva tears and saliva both contain enzymes that destroy invaders. Skin Skin provides both a physical and a chemical barrier against the outside world. Mucus membranes Mucous membranes produce mucus in the nose. Structures called cilia line the body's airways and constantly wave foreign particles and mucus away from the lungs to where they can be swallowed safely.
Imagine! Think-Pair-Share If you were a pathogen, what external defenses of the host s body would you have to get past? Choose one external defense and describe your journey into the body.
Internal Defenses Inflammation Blood rushes to the cut where the pathogen entered. Platelets seal the open wound to prevent more invaders from entering. Fever The body increases its internal temperature which slows down the growth of bacteria and some other pathogens. White Blood cells Specialized cells made in the bone marrow that fight disease are produced to fight diseases.
Activity: Compare/Contrast Defenses Internal External How do our defenses help us maintain homeostasis? Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a constant internal environment. The nervous and endocrine systems control homeostasis in the body through feedback mechanisms involving various organs and organ systems. Examples of homeostatic processes in the body include temperature control, pH balance, water and electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and respiration. The Immune system is also involved with maintaining Homeostasis by using the thymus gland to send chemical messages to the white blood cells to attack invaders.
Do you remember? 1.Name 4 types of pathogens. 2.Where are white blood cells produced? 3.How does having a Fever help your body defend against pathogens?
Types of White Blood Cells The granulocytes attack any invaders in large numbers, and "eat" until they die. The pus in an infected wound consists chiefly of dead granulocytes The macrophages are big eaters of invaders. They are larger, live longer, and alert the rest of the immune system of invaders. Video 1 Video 2 Video 3 The dendritic cells are also "eater" cells and devour intruders. And like the macrophages, the dendritic cells help with the activation of the rest of the immune system. They filter body fluids to clear them of foreign organisms and particles.
White Blood Cells (Lymphocytes) White blood cells called lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow but migrate to parts of the lymphatic system such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. Antigen: Invading particle Antibody: A large Y shaped protein that is produced by the immune system to mark invaders. Each lymphocyte cell is made to match up to a specific type of antigen. Think of puzzle pieces. Video Simulation
Lymphocytes (T cells) T cells are produced in the bone marrow and move to the Thymus gland (part of the lymphatic system) when they mature. Helper T cells are the main regulators of the immune defense. Their primary task is to activate B cells and killer T cells. The helper T cells are activated when a macrophage or dendritic cell, which has eaten an invader, travels to the nearest lymph node to present information about the captured pathogen. Killer T cells are specialized for attacking cells infected by viruses and bacteria. It also attacks cancer cells. The killer T cell has receptors that are used to search each cell that it meets. If a cell is infected, it is swiftly killed.
Lymphocytes (B-cells) The B lymphocyte cell searches for antigens matching its receptors. If it finds such antigen it connects to it, and inside the B cell a triggering signal is set off. The plasma cell (created by a triggered B cell) is specialized in producing an antibody, that matches an invader. Plasma cells produce antibodies at an amazing rate and can release tens of thousands of antibodies per second. The Memory Cells are a cell type produced by the division of B cells. These cells have a prolonged life span and can thereby "remember" specific intruders. T cells can also produce memory cells with an even longer life span than B memory cells. The second time an intruder tries to invade the body, B and T memory cells help the immune system to activate much faster. The invaders are wiped out before the infected human feels any symptoms. The body has achieved immunity against the invader.
Thumbs up/Thumbs down 1. An antigen is one of our body s defense cells. 2. A macrophage is a white blood cell that does lives longer than other cells and is called a big eater . 3. T cells mature to make plasma cells and memory cells. 4. B cells form places on their surface to allow them to connect to invading cells to mark them so they can be destroyed. 5. Helper T cells are found in the Thymus gland and they activate the immune response. 6. Antibodies are Y shaped proteins produced by the immune system to attach to antigens. 7. Lymphocyte cells can match up to many different antigens.
Trace the Path of a Virus The Virus or pathogen can take two paths: Path one: They Make it into a Body cell Path two: Captured by one of the white blood cells.
Vaccine How does a vaccine work? A Vaccine is prepared using a dead or weakened pathogen and is given as a shot. The immune system responds by making T cells, B cells, and Memory cells. If the pathogen enters the body after the vaccination, Memory cells identify it and T cells and B cells begin to attack the invader. Video
Challenges to the Immune System Allergies: the immune system reacts to foreign particles that are not dangerous to most people. When you have allergies, the immune system overreacts and tries to "fight" ordinary things like grass, pollen, certain foods, or medicine. This causes the sneezing, itching, and other reactions that you get with allergies. Cancer: Cancer happens when cells that are not normal grow and spread very fast. Normal body cells grow and divide and know to stop growing. Over time, they also die. Unlike these normal cells, cancer cells just continue to grow and divide out of control and don't die when they're supposed to. Immune Deficiency: Immunodeficiency disorders are a group of disorders in which part of the immune system is missing or defective. Therefore, the body's ability to fight infections is impaired. As a result, the person with an immunodeficiency disorder will have frequent infections that are generally more severe and last longer than usual. Auto Immune Diseases: The immune system attacks the body s own cells. When the immune system makes a mistake and attacks part of the body, it is called autoimmunity. One example of an autoimmune disease is type 1 diabetes, in which the immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.
Working together Our body systems work together to defend us from pathogens. Each system has specific jobs that help the immune system keep us healthy. From the list below, choose 2 systems and explain how the system helps the immune system keep us safe. Circulatory Lymphatic Respiratory Skeletal Musculatory Skin (Integumentary)
Review of the Lymphatic System The lymphatic system includes a system of lymphatic capillaries, vessels, nodes, and ducts that collect and transport lymph fluid. It works along with the rest of the immune system (mainly, the white blood cells) to fight infections. There are many clusters of lymph nodes. The most abundant places lymph nodes are found are in the neck, the armpit, and the groin. Swelling of these nodes indicates infection. Lymphatic tissue is also found in the thymus, spleen, tonsils, and appendix, along with some special tissue in the gut. Movie of Lymph Node Function
How does lymph fluid move? How does the Lymph nodes work? The lymph fluid moves through the vessels as you move the voluntary muscles in your body. Ever go on a plane and have your feet swell up? Because you are sitting in one place and not moving around, fluid collects in your feet and they swell. The more you move, the more effective your lymphatic system becomes. Lymph nodes work like a filtering system. When the body is invaded by foreign organisms, painful swelling can sometimes be felt in the neck, armpits, groin, or tonsils. The swelling comes from pathogens being trapped inside the lymph nodes. Eventually these organisms are destroyed by a type of white blood cell that lines the walls of the lymph node causing the swelling and pain to go away. C:\Users\ONEAL\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Temporary Internet Files\Content.IE5\SG3TAVSO\MC900432672[1].png
