The Significance of Cytokines in Immune Response
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Class name – VILS
Course name - ZOO-Biotech
(Rohit)
How T-cells are activated
Two signals are required for T-cell activation namely Signal 1 and
Signal 2.
Signal 1
is provided by antigen-specific TCR
engagement.
Signal 2
is provided by contact with a costimulatory ligand which is
expressed by functional APC (Antigen Presenting Cells).
When a T cell receives both Signal 1 and Signal 2, it will be activated
to produce cytokines.
Signal 2 results from an interaction between specific
costimulatory
receptors (like CD-28)
on T cells and costimulatory ligands
(CD80/CD86) on dendritic cells.
Overview of T cell activation
Source@wikipidea
Signal 1 (Antigen specific TCR
engagement)
Signal 2 (provided by interaction of
co-stimulatory molecules)
Cytokines has been named on the basis of their secretion
from different cell type
1.
Lymphokines – those cytokines which are
secreted by lymphocytes
2.
Monokines – secretion from monocytes and
macrophages
3.
Interleukins – secreted by some leucocytes and
act on other leucocytes
4.
Interferon – secreted by viral infected cells
5.
Chemokines- For chemoattraction of immune
cells
Cytokines has different biological functions
The principal producers of cytokines are
1.
T-helper cells
2.
Dendritic cells and
3.
Macrophages cells
Cytokines secreted by above mentioned cells are responsible for activation of entire network of
interacting cells.
Different biological responses includes
1.
Development of cellular and humoral immune response
2. Induction of inflammatory response
3. Regulation of hematopoiesis
4. Control of cellular proliferation and differentiation
Overview of Cytokine functions in innate and adaptive immunity
Interaction of antigen with Macrophages and then activation of T-Helper cells
leads to release different cytokines which generates a complex network of
interacting cells in immune response.
Whatever the cytokines
secreted by activated T-helper
cells involved in induction of
inflammatory response,
development of cellular and
humoral immune response,
regulation of hematopoiesis
etc.
Cytokines secreted by T-cells involve sub-populations of T-Helper cells
As we know that T-Helper cells are one of the principal cell responsible
for the secretion of cytokines which in turn shows various physiologic
responses.
There are two sub-populations of CD4 T-helper cells on the basis of
cytokines they secretes.
1.
T-helper 1
2.
T-helper 2
CD4 positive T-helper cells exert helper functions through secreted
cytokines either in autocrine fashion or in paracrine fashion.
Cytokines secreted by T-helper 1 and 2 sub-populations
T-helper 1 cells secretes following cytokines :-
IL-2 (Interleukine-2)
IFN-GAMMA (Interferon-gamma)
TNF-BETA (Tumor necrosis factor)
CSF (Colony stimulating factor)
IL-3
T-helper 2 cells secretes following cytokines :-
IL-3
IL-4
IL-5
IL-10
IL-13
s
Functions- helps in Macrophage activation, T-cyctotoxic
cell activation and Delayed type hypersensitivity), help
in IgG production.
Functions – helps in eosinophil and mast cell production ,
IgE production and total antibody production
Secretion and Functions of different cytokines
during innate and adaptive immunity
Diagram depicts
how immune cells
are regulated by
different secreted
cytokines.
General model of signal transduction mediated by most cytokine receptors.
As we know that Cytokines has binds to its receptor present on target cells
Cytokine binding to its receptors
Phosphorylation of A transcription factor
called STAT ( Signal Transducers and
Activators of Transcriptions)
STAT forms dimer and translocate to
nucleus where it initiates the
transcription of specific genes.
Cytokines play a crucial role in immune response activation and regulation. They are secreted by various cell types like lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, exerting diverse biological functions, including immune system development, inflammatory response induction, and hematopoiesis regulation. T-cells require two signals for activation, with Signal 1 from antigen-specific TCR engagement and Signal 2 from costimulatory ligand interaction. The complex network of interacting cells involved in immune response generation is orchestrated by cytokines secreted by T-helper cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages.
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Presentation Transcript
Cytokines Cytokines continued continued Class name VILS Course name - ZOO-Biotech (Rohit)
How T-cells are activated Two signals are required for T-cell activation namely Signal 1 and Signal 2. Signal 1 is provided by antigen-specific TCR engagement. Signal 2 is provided by contact with a costimulatory ligand which is expressed by functional APC (Antigen Presenting Cells). When a T cell receives both Signal 1 and Signal 2, it will be activated to produce cytokines. Signal 2 results from an interaction between specific costimulatory receptors (like CD-28) on T cells and costimulatory ligands (CD80/CD86) on dendritic cells.
Overview of T cell activation Signal 1 (Antigen specific TCR engagement) Signal 2 (provided by interaction of co-stimulatory molecules) Source@wikipidea
Cytokines has been named on the basis of their secretion from different cell type 1.Lymphokines those cytokines which are secreted by lymphocytes 2. Monokines secretion from monocytes and macrophages 3.Interleukins secreted by some leucocytes and act on other leucocytes 4.Interferon secreted by viral infected cells 5.Chemokines- For chemoattraction of immune cells
Cytokines has different biological functions The principal producers of cytokines are 1.T-helper cells 2.Dendritic cells and 3.Macrophages cells Cytokines secreted by above mentioned cells are responsible for activation of entire network of interacting cells. Different biological responses includes 1. Development of cellular and humoral immune response 2. Induction of inflammatory response 3. Regulation of hematopoiesis 4. Control of cellular proliferation and differentiation
Overview of Cytokine functions in innate and adaptive immunity Whatever secreted by activated T-helper cells involved in induction of inflammatory development of cellular and humoral immune response, regulation of hematopoiesis etc. the cytokines response, Interaction of antigen with Macrophages and then activation of T-Helper cells leads to release different cytokines which generates a complex network of interacting cells in immune response.
Cytokines secreted by T-cells involve sub-populations of T-Helper cells As we know that T-Helper cells are one of the principal cell responsible for the secretion of cytokines which in turn shows various physiologic responses. There are two sub-populations of CD4 T-helper cells on the basis of cytokines they secretes. 1.T-helper 1 2.T-helper 2 CD4 positive T-helper cells exert helper functions through secreted cytokines either in autocrine fashion or in paracrine fashion.
Cytokines secreted by T-helper 1 and 2 sub-populations T-helper 1 cells secretes following cytokines :- IL-2 (Interleukine-2) IFN-GAMMA (Interferon-gamma) TNF-BETA (Tumor necrosis factor) CSF (Colony stimulating factor) IL-3 T-helper 2 cells secretes following cytokines :- Functions- helps in Macrophage activation, T-cyctotoxic cell activation and Delayed type hypersensitivity), help in IgG production. IL-3 IL-4 IL-5 IL-10 IL-13 Functions helps in eosinophil and mast cell production , IgE production and total antibody production s
Secretion and Functions of different cytokines during innate and adaptive immunity
Diagram how immune cells are regulated different cytokines. depicts by secreted
General model of signal transduction mediated by most cytokine receptors. As we know that Cytokines has binds to its receptor present on target cells Cytokine binding to its receptors Phosphorylation of A transcription factor called STAT ( Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcriptions) STAT forms dimer and translocate to nucleus where it initiates the transcription of specific genes.
