Plant Cell Walls: Structure and Function
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FYBSC-BOTANY
DR.SATNAM S SOHAL
Cell Biology
Introduction
Cell wall
Cell wall is the outermost wall of a cell present
exterior to plasma membrane. Cell walls are rigid in
a plant cell. whereas in animals, cell wall is absent
and only cell membrane is present.
Cell wall performs number of functions
Cell wall is thicker than the plasma membrane and
it protects the intracellular content.
Plant cells have primary cell wall when the cell is
growing and it develops a secondary wall after it is
fully developed and stops growing.
Cell wall
Secondary cell wall is thicker as compared to primary
wall.
The main component of the primary plant cell wall
includes
Cellulose in the form of organized micro fibrils –a
complex carbohydrate made up of several thousand
glucose molecules linked together.
Pectins which are branched.
Glycans –cross linked
Cell wall
The three components are organized into a network Along
with cellulose microfibrils,the cross linked glycans increase
the tensile strength of cell wall whereas the network of
pectin's provide cell wall with the ability to resist
compression.
Small amount of proteins are also present in the plant cell
wall.
Secondary plant cell wall is often deposited inside the primary
wall as cell matures. he
secondary cell wall
is a structure
found in many plant cells, located between the primary cell
wall and the plasma membrane. The cell starts producing the
secondary cell wall after the primary cell wall is complete and
the cell has stopped expanding Secondary cell wall mainly
consist of lignin which provides mechanical support.
secondary cell walls are common in Xylem
Cell wall
Cell wall
In between the two cells, middle lamella is present
which is made up of pectin's & cement together two
cells. In between two cells connection called as
Plasmodesmata develops for transport of materials
from one cell to another.
Cell wall
Cell or Plasma Membrane
The
cell membrane
(also known as the
plasma
membrane
or
cytoplasmic membrane
) is
a biological membrane that separates the interior of
all cells from the
outside environment
. The cell
membrane is selectively permeable to ions and
organic molecules and controls the movement of
substances in and out of cells. The basic function of
the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its
surroundings. It consists of the phospholipids
bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cell or Plasma Membrane
Bilayer lipid structure
According to this model plasma membrane consists
of bilipid layers( two layers of lipid) which are
phospholipids with hydrophobic end and hydrophilic
end.Hydrophillic or polar head is towards outside
and hydrophobic tail towards inner side.
Cell or Plasma Membrane
Cell or Plasma Membrane
Fluid Mosaic model
According to this model the basic bilayer lipid
structure remains the same. It suggest the presence
of proteins on the surface known as surface or
peripheral proteins and in between the lipid layers
known as Integral proteins.
Functions
The cell membrane is
selectively permeable
and able to
regulate what enters and exits the cell, thus facilitating
the
transport
of materials needed for survival. The
movement of substances across the membrane can be
either "
passive
", occurring without the input of cellular
energy, or "
active
", requiring the cell to expend energy in
transporting it. The membrane also maintains the
cell
potential
. The cell membrane thus works as a selective
filter that allows only certain things to come inside or go
outside the cell. The cell employs a number of transport
mechanisms that involve biological membranes:
2.
Functions
1
. Passive
osmosis
and
diffusion
: Some
substances (small molecules, ions) such as
carbon dioxide (CO
2
) and oxygen (O
2
), can
move across the plasma membrane by
diffusion, which is a passive transport
process. Because the membrane acts as a
barrier for certain molecules and ions, they
can occur in different concentrations on the
two sides of the membrane.
Functions
Transmembrane protein
channels
and
transporters
: Nutrients, such
as sugars or amino acids, must enter the cell,
and certain products of metabolism must
leave the cell. Such molecules diffuse
passively through protein channels.
proteins, also called
permeases
, are usually
quite specific, recognizing and transporting
only a limited food group of chemical
substances.
Chloroplast
Chloroplast is one of the most important cell organelle
present in the plant cell. It is the site of photosynthetic
reaction ,thus providing carbohydrate as a energy source
to the cell. Their main role is to conduct
photosynthesis
,
where the
photosynthetic
pigment
chlorophyll
captures
the
energy
from
sunlight
, and stores it in the energy
storage molecules
ATP
and
NADPH
while
freeing
oxygen
from water. They then use the ATP and
NADPH to make organic molecules from
carbon
dioxide
in a process known as the
Calvin cycle
.
Chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are
moved around within plant cells, and occasionally
pinch
into two
to reproduce.
Chloroplast
Chloroplast of higher plants are generally lens shaped 20-
40 per cell. The chloroplast is made up of 3 types of
membrane: A smooth
outer membrane
which is freely
permeable to molecules.
A smooth
inner membrane
which contains
many
transporters
:
integral membrane proteins
that
regulate the passage in an out of the chloroplast of
small molecules like sugars
proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm of the cell
but used within the chloroplast
A system of
thylakoid membranes
chloroplast
Outer membrane is made up of proteins .The inner
membrane is organized into flat membranous sacs
called as Thylakoids which are arranged in stacks
called Grana. The space inside thylakoids sac is
called as Lumen. Chlorophyll pigment is present in
the lumen of thylakoids as well as on the surface.
The space outside thylakoids within the chloroplast
is called as Stroma. The two grana are connected
with lamellae.The stroma of chloroplast contains
small double stranded circular DNA molecule &
ribosomes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
About 50% of the total membrane surface in an
animal cell is provided by endoplasmic reticulum
(ER). The organelle called ‘endoplasmic reticulum’
occurs in both plants and animals and is a very
important manufacturing site for lipids (fats) and
many proteins. Many of these products are made for
and exported to other organelles.
There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum:
rough
endoplasmic reticulum
(rough ER) and
smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
(smooth ER). Both types are
present in plant and animal cells. The two types of ER are
separate entities and are not joined together. Cells
specialising in the production of proteins will tend to
have a larger amount of rough ER whilst cells producing
lipids (fats) and steroid hormones will have a greater
amount of smooth ER.
Part of the rough ER is continuous with the nuclear
envelope.
Rough ER
ER is an extensive organelle composed of a greatly
convoluted but flattish sealed sac that is continuous
with the nuclear membrane. It is called ‘rough’
endoplasmic reticulum because ribosomes and are
firmly attached to the outer cytosolic side of the ER
Rough ER is found throughout the cell but the
density is higher near the nucleus and the Golgi
apparatus.
Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum are
called ‘membrane bound’ and are responsible for the
assembly of many proteins.
The rough ER working with membrane bound
ribosomes takes polypeptides and amino acids from
the cytosol and continues protein assembly
Protein quality control section
It is also in the lumen that an amazing process of
quality control checking is carried out. Proteins are
subjected to a quality control check and any that are
found to be incorrectly formed or incorrectly folded
are rejected. These rejects are stored in the lumen or
sent for recycling for eventual breakdown to amino
acids.
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Smooth ER is more tubular than rough ER and
forms a separate sealed interconnecting network. It
is found fairly evenly distributed throughout the
cytoplasm.
It is not studded with ribosomes hence ‘smooth ER’.
Smooth ER is devoted almost exclusively to the
manufacture of lipids and in some cases to the
metabolism of them and associated products.
Smooth ER is also involved in the production of
steroid hormones
Smooth ER also plays a large part in detoxifying a
number of organic chemicals converting them to safer
water-soluble products.
Large amounts of smooth ER are found in liver cells
where one of its main functions is to detoxify products of
natural metabolism and to endeavour to detoxify
overloads of ethanol derived from excess alcoholic
drinking and also from drug overdose. To assist with this,
smooth ER can double its surface area within a few days,
returning to its normal size .
The contraction of muscle cells is triggered by the orderly
release of calcium ions. These ions are released from the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Qns bank
Fill in the blanks
1.The main component of primary cell wall
is____________( pectin ,lipid,
cellulose
)
2.____________is the layer which cements together
cells.( PM,Cell wall,
Middle lamella
)
3.___________is the connection between two cells for
transporation( vacuoles,thylakoids,
plasmodesmata
)
4.PM is made up of_________(
Cellulose,Phospholipids,lignin)
5._________is the manufacturing site for lipids and
many proteins(
ER
,PM,Chloroplast)
Ribosomes are attached to outer surface of
_____________________( Smooth ER,Rough
ER,Flattened ER).
ER is a membrane structure continued with
________________( Cell
wall,PM,Nuclear
membrane)
Smotth ER helps to synthesize____________(
Proteins,
Lipids
,Carbohydrates)
Ribosomes are working bench for
manufacturing_____________
proteins
,Lipids,carbohydrates)
Cell membrane is ____________Permeable(
Selectively
,Comparatively,non)
Plasma membrane shows double phospholipid layer with
head as ______________end (
hydrophobic,
hydrophilic
,neutrophilic).
Secondary cell wall consists of ___________(
proteins,cellulose,l
ignin
).
Cross linked ___________are present in cell wall(
proteins,Glycans,Pectins)
Cellulose is present in the cell wall in the form of
_____________(
microfibrils
,phosphofibrils,neutrofibrils)
Cellulose is a polymer of____________(
fructose,
Glucose,
Pectose)
Glucuronic acid is an example of __________(
pectin
,lignin,glycan).
_____________movement of molecules requires
energy(
active
passive,neutral).
Water repelling end of phospholipids is
________________(
hydrophobic,hydrophilic,heterophobic)Nucleus is
bounded by___________( plasma
membrane,nuclear membrane,cell wall)
One line answer
1.Cell wall-is outermost wall of cell protecting the
internal cell organelles
2.Fuction of Cell membrane or plasma membrane
The cell membrane is
selectively permeable
to ions and
organic molecules and controls the movement of
substances in and out of cells.
3.Cell wall composition
Cellulose in the form of organized micro fibrils –a
complex carbohydrate made up of several thousand
glucose molecules linked together.
Pectins which are branched.
Glycans –cross linked
4.Function of ER
ER is a very important manufacturing site for lipids
(fats) and many proteins. Many of these products are
made for and exported to other organelles.
Rough ER- are flattenend membrane system
associated with Ribosomes amnd help in syntesizing
proteins.
Smooth ER- are flattened membrane system without
ribosomes and mainly help to carry out synthesis of
lipids.
S notes
Bilayer lipid structure of PM
Fluid mosaic model of PM
Cell wall structure
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Function of ER
Full length questions.
With the help of neat labelled diagram,explain
ultrastructure & function of cell wall
Explain in detail ultrastructure & function of Plasma
Membrane.
Give a detailed account of Endoplasmic reticulum
structure & function
Plant cell walls play a crucial role in providing structure and protection to plant cells. This article delves into the composition of primary and secondary cell walls, highlighting the presence of cellulose, pectins, and glycans. The secondary cell wall, rich in lignin, offers mechanical support, especially in xylem cells. Furthermore, the middle lamella with pectins and plasmodesmata aid in cell connections and material transport between cells.
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Presentation Transcript
Cell Biology FYBSC-BOTANY DR.SATNAM S SOHAL
Cell wall Cell wall is the outermost wall of a cell present exterior to plasma membrane. Cell walls are rigid in a plant cell. whereas in animals, cell wall is absent and only cell membrane is present. Cell wall performs number of functions Cell wall is thicker than the plasma membrane and it protects the intracellular content. Plant cells have primary cell wall when the cell is growing and it develops a secondary wall after it is fully developed and stops growing.
Cell wall Secondary cell wall is thicker as compared to primary wall. The main component of the primary plant cell wall includes Cellulose in the form of organized micro fibrils a complex carbohydrate made up of several thousand glucose molecules linked together. Pectins which are branched. Glycans cross linked
Cell wall The three components are organized into a network Along with cellulose microfibrils,the cross linked glycans increase the tensile strength of cell wall whereas the network of pectin's provide cell wall with the ability to resist compression. Small amount of proteins are also present in the plant cell wall. Secondary plant cell wall is often deposited inside the primary wall as cell matures. he secondary cell wall is a structure found in many plant cells, located between the primary cell wall and the plasma membrane. The cell starts producing the secondary cell wall after the primary cell wall is complete and the cell has stopped expanding Secondary cell wall mainly consist of lignin which provides mechanical support. secondary cell walls are common in Xylem
Cell wall In between the two cells, middle lamella is present which is made up of pectin's & cement together two cells. In between two cells connection called as Plasmodesmata develops for transport of materials from one cell to another.
Cell or Plasma Membrane The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipids bilayer with embedded proteins.
Bilayer lipid structure According to this model plasma membrane consists of bilipid layers( two layers of lipid) which are phospholipids with hydrophobic end and hydrophilic end.Hydrophillic or polar head is towards outside and hydrophobic tail towards inner side.
Cell or Plasma Membrane Fluid Mosaic model According to this model the basic bilayer lipid structure remains the same. It suggest the presence of proteins on the surface known as surface or peripheral proteins and in between the lipid layers known as Integral proteins.
Functions The cell membrane is selectively permeable and able to regulate what enters and exits the cell, thus facilitating the transport of materials needed for survival. The movement of substances across the membrane can be either "passive", occurring without the input of cellular energy, or "active", requiring the cell to expend energy in transporting it. The membrane also maintains thecell potential. The cell membrane thus works as a selective filter that allows only certain things to come inside or go outside the cell. The cell employs a number of transport mechanisms that involve biological membranes: 2.
Functions 1. Passive osmosis and diffusion: Some substances (small molecules, ions) such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), can move across the plasma membrane by diffusion, which is a passive transport process. Because the membrane acts as a barrier for certain molecules and ions, they can occur in different concentrations on the two sides of the membrane.
Functions Transmembrane protein channels and transporters: Nutrients, such as sugars or amino acids, must enter the cell, and certain products of metabolism must leave the cell. Such molecules diffuse passively through protein channels. proteins, also called permeases, are usually quite specific, recognizing and transporting only a limited food group of chemical substances.
Chloroplast Chloroplast is one of the most important cell organelle present in the plant cell. It is the site of photosynthetic reaction ,thus providing carbohydrate as a energy source to the cell. Their main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, and stores it in the energy storage molecules ATP freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts are highly dynamic they circulate and are moved around within plant cells, and occasionally pinch into two to reproduce. and NADPH while molecules from carbon
Chloroplast Chloroplast of higher plants are generally lens shaped 20- 40 per cell. The chloroplast is made up of 3 types of membrane: A smooth outer membrane which is freely permeable to molecules. A smooth inner membrane many transporters: integral membrane proteins that regulate the passage in an out of the chloroplast of small molecules like sugars proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm of the cell but used within the chloroplast A system of thylakoid membranes which contains
chloroplast Outer membrane is made up of proteins .The inner membrane is organized into flat membranous sacs called as Thylakoids which are arranged in stacks called Grana. The space inside thylakoids sac is called as Lumen. Chlorophyll pigment is present in the lumen of thylakoids as well as on the surface. The space outside thylakoids within the chloroplast is called as Stroma. The two grana are connected with lamellae.The stroma of chloroplast contains small double stranded circular DNA molecule & ribosomes.
About 50% of the total membrane surface in an animal cell is provided by endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The organelle called endoplasmic reticulum occurs in both plants and animals and is a very important manufacturing site for lipids (fats) and many proteins. Many of these products are made for and exported to other organelles.
There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough endoplasmic reticulum(rough ER) andsmooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER). Both types are present in plant and animal cells. The two types of ER are separate entities and are not joined together. Cells specialising in the production of proteins will tend to have a larger amount of rough ER whilst cells producing lipids (fats) and steroid hormones will have a greater amount of smooth ER. Part of the rough ER is continuous with the nuclear envelope.
Rough ER ER is an extensive organelle composed of a greatly convoluted but flattish sealed sac that is continuous with the nuclear membrane. It is called rough endoplasmic reticulum because ribosomes and are firmly attached to the outer cytosolic side of the ER Rough ER is found throughout the cell but the density is higher near the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus.
Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum are called membrane bound and are responsible for the assembly of many proteins. The rough ER working with membrane bound ribosomes takes polypeptides and amino acids from the cytosol and continues protein assembly
Protein quality control section It is also in the lumen that an amazing process of quality control checking is carried out. Proteins are subjected to a quality control check and any that are found to be incorrectly formed or incorrectly folded are rejected. These rejects are stored in the lumen or sent for recycling for eventual breakdown to amino acids.
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Smooth ER is more tubular than rough ER and forms a separate sealed interconnecting network. It is found fairly evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. It is not studded with ribosomes hence smooth ER . Smooth ER is devoted almost exclusively to the manufacture of lipids and in some cases to the metabolism of them and associated products. Smooth ER is also involved in the production of steroid hormones
Smooth ER also plays a large part in detoxifying a number of organic chemicals converting them to safer water-soluble products. Large amounts of smooth ER are found in liver cells where one of its main functions is to detoxify products of natural metabolism and to endeavour to detoxify overloads of ethanol derived from excess alcoholic drinking and also from drug overdose. To assist with this, smooth ER can double its surface area within a few days, returning to its normal size . The contraction of muscle cells is triggered by the orderly release of calcium ions. These ions are released from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Qns bank Fill in the blanks 1.The main component of primary cell wall is____________( pectin ,lipid,cellulose) 2.____________is the layer which cements together cells.( PM,Cell wall,Middle lamella) 3.___________is the connection between two cells for transporation( vacuoles,thylakoids,plasmodesmata) 4.PM is made up of_________( Cellulose,Phospholipids,lignin) 5._________is the manufacturing site for lipids and many proteins( ER,PM,Chloroplast)
Ribosomes are attached to outer surface of _____________________( Smooth ER,Rough ER,Flattened ER). ER is a membrane structure continued with ________________( Cell wall,PM,Nuclear membrane) Smotth ER helps to synthesize____________( Proteins,Lipids,Carbohydrates) Ribosomes are working bench for manufacturing_____________ proteins,Lipids,carbohydrates)
Cell membrane is ____________Permeable( Selectively,Comparatively,non) Plasma membrane shows double phospholipid layer with head as ______________end ( hydrophobic,hydrophilic,neutrophilic). Secondary cell wall consists of ___________( proteins,cellulose,lignin). Cross linked ___________are present in cell wall( proteins,Glycans,Pectins) Cellulose is present in the cell wall in the form of _____________( microfibrils,phosphofibrils,neutrofibrils)
Cellulose is a polymer of____________( fructose,Glucose,Pectose) Glucuronic acid is an example of __________( pectin,lignin,glycan). _____________movement of molecules requires energy( active passive,neutral). Water repelling end of phospholipids is ________________( hydrophobic,hydrophilic,heterophobic)Nucleus is bounded by___________( plasma membrane,nuclear membrane,cell wall)
One line answer 1.Cell wall-is outermost wall of cell protecting the internal cell organelles 2.Fuction of Cell membrane or plasma membrane The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. 3.Cell wall composition Cellulose in the form of organized micro fibrils a complex carbohydrate made up of several thousand glucose molecules linked together. Pectins which are branched. Glycans cross linked
4.Function of ER ER is a very important manufacturing site for lipids (fats) and many proteins. Many of these products are made for and exported to other organelles. Rough ER- are flattenend membrane system associated with Ribosomes amnd help in syntesizing proteins. Smooth ER- are flattened membrane system without ribosomes and mainly help to carry out synthesis of lipids.
S notes Bilayer lipid structure of PM Fluid mosaic model of PM Cell wall structure Smooth ER Rough ER Function of ER
Full length questions. With the help of neat labelled diagram,explain ultrastructure & function of cell wall Explain in detail ultrastructure & function of Plasma Membrane. Give a detailed account of Endoplasmic reticulum structure & function
