Cell Structure and Function
Cell
Structure
&
Function
Definition
of
Cell
A
cell
is
the smallest
unit
that
is
c
apab
le
o
f
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
l
i
f
e
f
un
c
t
i
o
n
s
.
“Typical”
Animal
Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu
/~
acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
4
C
e
ll
s
cells
-possess
a
membrane-bound
nucleus
-
A
re more
complex
than
prokaryotic
cells
-
compartmentalize
many
cellular
functions
within
organelles
and
the
endomembrane
system
-
p
o
ss
e
s
s
a
c
y
to
s
k
e
l
e
t
o
n
f
o
r
s
upp
o
rt
an
d
t
o
maintain
cellular
structure
Eukaryotic
Cells
5
6
C
e
ll
s
Nucleus
-
S
tores
the
genetic
material
of
the
cell
in
the
form
of
multiple,
linear
chromosomes
-
S
urrounded
by
a
nuclear
envelope
composed
o
f
2
ph
o
s
ph
o
l
i
p
id
b
i
l
a
y
e
r
s
-
I
n
chromosomes
–
DNA
is
organized
with
proteins
to
form
chromatin
C
e
ll
s
7
8
C
e
ll
s
Ribosomes
-
T
he
site
of
protein
synthesis
in
the
cell
-
C
omposed
of
ribosomal
RNA
and
proteins
-
F
ound
within
the
cytosol
of
the
cytoplasm
and
attached
to
internal
membranes
Cell
Structure
•
All
Cells
have:
–
A
n
outermost
plasma
membrane
–
G
enetic
material
in
the
form
of
DNA
–
C
ytoplasm
with
ribosomes
Cell
Parts
O
r
g
a
n
e
ll
es
S
u
r
r
ound
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
e
l
l
Cell
Membrane
•
Outer
membrane
of
cell
that
controls
movement
in
and
out
of
the
cell
•
Double
layer
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell
Wall
•
Most
commonly
found
in
plant
cells
&
bacteria
•
Supports
&
protects
cells
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside
the
Cell
Nucleus
•
Directs
cell
activities
•
Separated
from
cytoplasm
by
nuclear
membrane
•
C
on
t
a
i
n
s
g
e
n
e
t
ic
m
a
t
e
ri
a
l
-
D
N
A
Nuclear
Membrane
•
Surrounds
nucleus
•
Made
of
two
layers
•
Openings
allow
material
to
enter
and
leave
nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
N
uc
l
eo
l
u
s
•
Inside
nucleus
•
Contains
RNA
to
build
proteins
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
C
y
t
op
l
a
sm
•
G
e
l
-
l
i
k
e
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
•
S
u
r
r
o
und
e
d
b
y
c
e
ll
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
•
C
on
t
a
i
n
s
h
e
r
e
d
i
t
a
ry
m
a
te
ri
a
l
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
•
Moves
materials
around
in
cell
•
Smooth
type:
lacks
ribosomes
•
Rough
type
(pictured):
ribosomes
embedded
in
surface
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Ribosomes
•
Each
cell
contains
thousands
•
Make
proteins
•
Found
on
ribosomes
&
floating
throughout
the
cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Mitochondria
•
Produces
energy
through
chemical
reactions
–
breaking
down
fats
&
carbohydrates
•
Controls
level
of
water
and
other
materials
in
cell
•
Recycles
and
decomposes
proteins,
fats,
and
carbohydrates
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Golgi
Bodies
•
Protein
'packaging
plant
'
•
Move
materials
within
the
cell
•
Move
materials
out
of
the
cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Lysosome
a
l
•
Digestive
'plant
'
for
proteins,
fats,
and
carbohydrates
•
Transports undigested
materi
to
cell
membrane
for
removal
•
Cell
breaks
down
if
lysosome
structure
is
disrupted.
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
V
ac
u
o
l
e
s
•
M
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
-
b
o
un
d
s
a
c
s
for
storage,
digestion,
and
waste
removal
•
Contains
water
solution
•
Help
plants
maintain
shape
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
1.
Plasma
Membrane
•
Al
l
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
s
a
r
e
ph
o
s
ph
o
l
i
p
id
b
i
l
a
y
e
r
s
with
embedded
proteins
•
The
outer
plasma
membrane
–
is
o
l
a
te
s
c
e
l
l
c
o
ntent
s
–
c
o
nt
r
o
l
s
wh
a
t
get
s
i
n
a
n
d
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
c
e
l
l
–
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
s
si
gn
a
l
s
3.
Cytoplasm
with
ribosomes
–
Cytoplasm
– fluid
area
inside
outer
plasma
membrane
and
outside
DNA
region
–
Ribosomes
–
make
proteins
Cell
Structure
•
All
Cells
have:
–
an
outermost
plasma
membrane
–
genetic
material
in
the
form
of
DNA
–
cytoplasm
with
ribosomes
Why
Are
Cells
So
Small?
(4.2)
•
Cells
need
sufficient
surface
area
to
allow
adequate
transport
of
nutrients
in
and
wastes
out.
•
As
cell
volume
increases,
so
does
the
need
for
t
h
e
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
o
f
nu
t
ri
e
n
t
s
an
d
wa
s
te
s
.
C
e
ll
s
•
Structures
in
all
cells
–
Nucleus
–
Ribosomes
–
Endomembrane
System
•
E
nd
o
p
la
s
m
i
c
r
e
t
i
c
u
l
u
m
–
s
m
oo
t
h
a
n
d
r
o
u
g
h
•
Golgi
apparatus
•
Vesicles
–
Mitochondria
–
Cytoskeleton
CYTOSKELETON
MITOCHONDRION
CENTRIOLES
L
Y
S
O
S
O
M
E
GOLGI
BODY
SMOOTH
ER
ROUGH
ER
RIBOSOMES
N
U
C
L
E
U
S
P
L
A
S
M
A
MEMBRANE
Fig.
4-15b,
p.59
VESICLE
CYTOPLASM
Nuc
l
e
us
•
Structure
–
Nuclear
envelope
•
Two
Phospholipid
bilayers
with
protein
lined
pores
–
E
a
c
h
p
o
re
i
s
a
r
in
g
o
f
8
p
r
o
te
i
n
s
w
i
t
h
a
n
opening
in
the
center
of
the
ring
–
Nucleoplasm – fluid of the nucleus
N
u
cle
ar
p
o
r
e
bil
a
y
e
r
f
a
c
in
g
c
y
t
opl
a
s
m
N
u
c
l
e
ar
en
v
el
op
e
bil
a
y
e
r
f
a
c
in
g
nucleoplasm
Fig.
4-17,
p.61
Nuc
l
e
us
–
DNA is arranged in chromosomes
–
Chromosome
–
fiber
of
DNA
with
proteins
attached
–
Chromatin
–
all
of
the
cell’s
DNA
and
the
a
ss
o
c
i
a
te
d
p
r
o
te
i
n
s
Structures
of
the
Endomembrane
System
•
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
(ER)
–
Continuous
with
the
outer
membrane
of
the
nuclear
envelope
–
Two
forms
-
smooth
and
rough
•
Transport
vesicles
•
Golgi
apparatus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
(ER)
–
T
h
e
E
R
is
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
o
u
te
r
membrane
of
the
nuclear
envelope
–
There
are
2
types
of
ER:
•
Rough
ER
–
has ribosomes
attached
•
Smooth
ER
–
no
ribosomes
attached
R
o
u
g
h
E
n
d
o
p
l
a
s
m
i
c
R
e
t
i
cu
lum
(
R
E
R
)
-Membranes
that
create
a
network
of
c
hann
e
ls
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
c
y
t
o
p
l
a
s
m
-Attachment
of
ribosomes
to
the
membrane
gives
a
rough
appearance
-Synthesis
of
proteins
to
be
secreted,
sent
to
lysosomes
or
plasma
membrane
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
•
F
un
c
t
i
o
n
R
ER
•
Proteins
are
modified
as
they
move
through
the
RER
•
Once
modified,
the
proteins
are
packaged
in
transport
vesicles
for
transport
to
the
Golgi
body
S
mo
o
th
E
n
d
o
p
l
a
s
m
i
c
R
e
t
i
cu
lum
(
S
E
R
)
-
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
ly
f
e
w
ri
b
o
s
o
m
e
s
a
tt
a
c
h
e
d
-functions:
-synthesis
of
membrane
lipids
-calcium
storage
-
d
et
o
x
ifi
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
s
ub
s
t
an
c
e
s
Endomembrane
System
•
F
un
c
t
i
o
n
S
ER
–
Lipids
are
made
inside
the
SER
•
fatty
acids,
phospholipids,
sterols..
–
Lipids
are
packaged
in
transport
vesicles
and
sent
to
the
Golgi
•
Smooth
ER
(SER)
–
Tubular
membrane
structure
–
Continuous
with
RER
–
No
ribosomes
attached
Endomembrane
System
42
Endomembrane
System
Vacuoles
-m
e
m
b
r
an
e-
b
o
un
d
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
w
i
t
h
v
a
ri
ou
s
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
d
e
p
e
nd
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
c
e
ll
ty
p
e
There
are
different
types
of
vacuoles:
-
C
entral
vacuole
in
plant
cells
.
-
C
ontractile
vacuole
of
some
protists
.
-
V
acuoles
for
storage
.
43
Endomembrane
System
En
d
o
m
e
mb
r
a
ne
s
y
s
t
e
m
-
A
s
e
ri
e
s
o
f
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
cytoplasm
-divides
cell
into
compartments
where
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
e
l
l
u
l
a
r
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
cc
u
r
1.
e
nd
o
p
l
a
s
m
ic
r
et
ic
u
l
u
m
2.
Golgi
apparatus
3.
lysosomes
44
Endomembrane
System
Golgi
apparatus
-flattened
stacks
of
interconnected
membranes
-
pa
c
k
a
g
i
n
g
an
d
d
i
s
t
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
a
te
ri
a
ls
t
o
different
parts
of
the
cell
-synthesis
of
cell
wall
components
45
46
Endomembrane
System
Lysosomes
-
M
embrane
bound
vesicles
containing
digestive
enzymes to
break
down
macromolecules
-destroy
cells
or
foreign
matter
that
the
cell
has
engulfed
by
phagocytosis
47
Golgi
Apparatus
•
Golgi
Apparatus
–
Stack
of
flattened
membrane
sacs
•
F
un
c
t
i
o
n
G
o
l
g
i
appa
r
a
t
u
s
–
Completes
the
processing
substances
received
from
the
ER
–
Sorts,
tags
and
packages
fully
processed
proteins
and
lipids
in
vesicles
Golgi
Apparatus
•
G
o
l
g
i
appa
r
a
t
u
s
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
s
t
r
an
s
p
o
rt
ve
s
icl
e
s
from
the
ER
on
one
side
of
the
organelle
–
Vesicle
binds
to
the
first
layer
of
the
Golgi
and
its
contents
enter
the
Golgi
Golgi
Apparatus
Transport
Vesicles
•
T
r
an
s
p
o
rt
V
e
s
icl
e
s
–
Vesicle
=
small
membrane
bound
sac
–
Transport
modified
proteins
and
lipids
from
the
ER
to
the
Golgi
apparatus
(and
from
Golgi
to
final
destination)
Mitochondria
(4.15)
•
Function
–
synthesis
of
ATP
–
3
major
pathways
involved
in
ATP
production
1.
Glycolysis
2.
K
r
e
b
s
C
y
c
l
e
3.
E
l
e
c
t
r
on
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
t
em
(
E
T
S
)
Mitochondria
•
Structure:
–
~1-5
microns
–
Two
membranes
•
Outer
membrane
•
Inner
membrane
-
Highly
folded
–
Folds
called
cristae
–
Intermembrane
space
(or
outer
compartment)
–
Matrix
•
DNA
and
ribosomes
in
matrix
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
(4.15)
•
Function
–
synthesis
of
ATP
–
3
major
pathways
involved
in
ATP
production
1.
Glycolysis
-
cytoplasm
2.
K
r
e
b
s
C
y
c
l
e
-
m
a
t
r
i
x
3.
Electron
transport
system
(ETS)
-
intermembrane
space
Mitochondria
TEM
59
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
-organelles
present
in
all
types
of
eukaryotic
cells
-c
o
n
t
a
in
o
x
i
d
a
t
i
v
e
m
e
t
ab
o
l
is
m
e
n
z
y
m
e
s
f
o
r
transferring
the
energy
within
macromolecules
to
ATP
-found
in
all
types
of
eukaryotic
cells
60
Mitochondria
-
s
u
r
r
o
und
e
d
b
y
2
m
e
m
b
r
an
e
s
-smooth
outer
membrane
-folded
inner
membrane
with
layers
called
cristae
-
matrix
is
within
the
inner
membrane
-
i
n
t
e
r
m
e
mb
r
a
ne
s
p
a
c
e
is
l
o
c
a
te
d
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
two
membranes
-contain
their
own
DNA
Mitochondria
61
Explore the intricate world of cell biology through this comprehensive guide covering the definition of a cell, the characteristics of animal cells, the role of the nucleus, ribosomes, cell structure, organelles, cell membrane, and cell wall. Discover the fascinating details of eukaryotic cells and the essential functions each cell part contributes to maintaining life.
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Definitionof Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capableof performing life functions.
Typical AnimalCell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
Cells cells -possess a membrane-boundnucleus -Are more complex than prokaryotic cells -compartmentalize functions within organelles and the endomembrane system -possess a cytoskeleton for support and to maintain cellular structure many cellular 4
Cells Nucleus -Stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of multiple, linear chromosomes -Surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of 2 phospholipidbilayers -In chromosomes organized with proteins to form chromatin DNA is 6
Cells 7
Cells Ribosomes -The site of protein synthesis in the cell -Composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins -Found within the cytosol of the cytoplasm and attached to internal membranes 8
Cell Structure All Cells have: An membrane Genetic material in the form of DNA Cytoplasm with ribosomes outermost plasma
Cell Parts Organelles
CellMembrane Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell Double layer http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
CellWall Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleus Directs cell activities Separatedfrom cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Containsgenetic material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Openings allow material to enter nucleus and leave http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleolus Inside nucleus Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cytoplasm Gel-likemixture Surroundedby cell membrane Containshereditary material
EndoplasmicReticulum Moves materials around in cell Smooth type: lacks ribosomes Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Ribosomes Each cell contains thousands Make proteins Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Mitochondria Produces energy through chemical reactions breaking down fats & carbohydrates Controls level of water and other materials in cell Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
GolgiBodies Protein 'packaging plant' Move materials within the cell Move materials out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Lysosome Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates Transports undigested materi to cell membrane for removal Cell breaks down if lysosome structure al is disrupted. http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal Contains water solution Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
1. Plasma Membrane All membranes are phospholipidbilayers with embedded proteins The outerplasma membrane isolates cell contents controls what gets in and out of the cell receives signals
3. Cytoplasm with ribosomes Cytoplasm fluid area inside outer plasma membrane and outside DNA region Ribosomes make proteins
Cell Structure All Cells have: an outermost plasma membrane genetic material in the formof DNA cytoplasm with ribosomes
Why Are Cells So Small? (4.2) Cells need sufficient surface area to allow adequatetransportof nutrients in and wastes out. As cell volume increases,so does the need for the transportingof nutrients and wastes.
Cells Structures in all cells Nucleus Ribosomes Endomembrane System Endoplasmic reticulum smoothand rough Golgi apparatus Vesicles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton
NUCLEUS CYTOSKELETON RIBOSOMES ROUGH ER MITOCHONDRION CYTOPLASM SMOOTH ER CENTRIOLES GOLGI BODY LYSOSOME PLASMA MEMBRANE VESICLE Fig. 4-15b, p.59
Nucleus Structure Nuclear envelope Two Phospholipid bilayers with protein lined pores Each pore is a ring of 8 proteins with an opening in the center of the ring Nucleoplasm fluid of the nucleus
Nuclearpore bilayerfacingcytoplasm Nuclearenvelope bilayerfacing nucleoplasm Fig. 4-17, p.61
Nucleus DNA is arranged in chromosomes Chromosome fiber of DNAwith proteins attached Chromatin all of the cell s DNA and the associatedproteins
Structures of the Endomembrane System Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Continuouswith the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope Two forms - smooth and rough Transport vesicles Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) The ER is continuouswith the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope There are 2 types of ER: Rough ER has ribosomes attached Smooth ER no ribosomes attached
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) -Membranes that create a network of channels throughout the cytoplasm -Attachment of ribosomes to the membrane gives a rough appearance -Synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane
EndoplasmicReticulum FunctionRER Proteins are modified as they move through the RER Once modified, the proteins are packaged in transport vesicles for transport to the Golgi body
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) -Relatively few ribosomes attached -functions: -synthesis of membrane lipids -calcium storage -detoxification of foreign substances
EndomembraneSystem Function SER Lipids are made inside the SER fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols.. Lipids are packaged in transport vesicles and sent to the Golgi Smooth ER (SER) Tubular membrane structure Continuous with RER No ribosomes attached
EndomembraneSystem Vacuoles -membrane-boundstructures with various functionsdependingon the cell type There are different types of vacuoles: -Central vacuole in plant cells. -Contractilevacuole of some protists. -Vacuoles for storage. 42
EndomembraneSystem Endomembranesystem -Aseries of membranes throughoutthe cytoplasm -divides cell into compartments where different cellular functionsoccur 1. endoplasmicreticulum 2. Golgi apparatus 3. lysosomes 43
EndomembraneSystem Golgi apparatus -flattened stacksof interconnected membranes -packagingand distributionof materials to different parts of the cell -synthesis of cell wall components 44
EndomembraneSystem Lysosomes -Membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules -destroy cells or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed by phagocytosis 46
Golgi Apparatus GolgiApparatus Stack of flattened membrane sacs FunctionGolgi apparatus Completes the processing substances received from the ER Sorts, tags and packages fully processed proteins and lipids in vesicles
Golgi Apparatus Golgi apparatusreceives transportvesicles from the ER on one side of the organelle Vesicle binds to the first layer of the Golgi and its contents enter the Golgi
