Launch of the Draft 2013 Household Survey: Insights and Findings
The launch of the Draft 2013 Household Survey highlighted methodological issues, key indicators such as household income, food security, and crop yields, and the impact of the LIFT program on villages. Challenges in data collection, sample sizes, and statistical comparisons were discussed, along with the Difference in Differences analysis showing changes in agricultural outcomes over time. Indicators of significance were provided to gauge the impact of interventions accurately.
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Launch of the Draft 2013 Household Survey: A story of rapid change but often in both LIFT and Control villages Mandalay Room 26 May 2014 Simon Baker (ICF)
Summary of the talk Methodological issues Awareness of LIFT Household income Food Land ownership and usage Crop yields and constraints Credit Assets Training Water supply Nutrition survey Expenditure/Consumption survey
Data tools and number of cases Tool LIFT Villages LIFT Households per village Control Villages Control Households per village Total Round 1 Village Profile 150 NA 50 NA 200* Household questionnaire 150 16 50 16 3,200 FGD 12 4 NA NA 48 Round 2 Village Profile 150 NA 50 NA 200 Household questionnaire 150 16 50 16 3,200 FGD 9 4 NA NA 36 Nutrition and anthropometry Survey 150 32 50 32 6,400 Expenditure survey 150 5 50 5 1,000
Methodology issues It was planned that 150 LIFT and 50 Control villages would be visited in rounds 1 and 2 Due to problems, in both rounds only: o 68 LIFT and 36 Control villages were visited o 17 LIFT villages in the Hilly zone o 16 LIFT villages in Dry zone o 36 LIFT villages in the Coastal/Delta zone o Only in the Coastal/Delta zone was the sample size large enough to demonstrate significant statistical differences between the zones 385 households Can not make comparisons between zones with any certainty o Two exceptions awareness of LIFT and drinking-water
Difference in Differences Estimates difference between outcome at two time points for Intervention and control households Then comparing difference between the groups LIFT 2011 LIFT 2013 Control 2011 Control 2013 Change in Control villages Difference in differences Change in LIFT villages Sale of rice 1.4 16.8 13.2 .5 23.3 15.3 -.9* 6.5*** 2.1 2.4 11.6 16.8 .3 16.8 18.8 -2.1** 5.2* 2 1.2 1.3 .1 Sale of paddy Sale of other cereals Sale of beans, pulses and peanuts 17.1 17 -.1 23.1 17.7 -5.4* 5.3 Sale of tubers and root crops 2.8 1.7 -1.1 4.7 7.5 2.8* -3.9** Cash for work 0 2.4 2.4*** 0 .2 .2 2.2**
Indicators of significance *p-value < 0.05 **p-value <0.005 ***p-value <0.001
Awareness of LIFT# 97.6 100 92.8 89.9 79.4 80 60 40 20 0 Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT
Participation in trainings# (%) Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT Training related to crops and crop production 11.7*** 5.1*** 19.5*** 12 Training in livestock 7.9* 4* 5.4* 5.6 Training in skills for small business management 13.2*** 5.4*** 11.2*** 9.7 Provision of inputs for agriculture 6.9* 4* 7.4* 6 Savings and credit groups and provision of credit 24.1*** 14.5*** 20.2*** 19.3 Formation/strengthening of groups in the village 5.4*** 12.4*** 14.2*** 10.9 Cash for work activities 1.3*** 31.9*** 4.7*** 13.5
Villagers perceptions (FGDs) Improvement in village unity: o The village has become more united. Before that, the head of the villager made all the decisions. Since the last one or two years, people have worked together for social affairs and they have come to understand teamwork. Nowadays the villagers can support the monastery and the teachers from the school by collecting the money from the villagers (Hilly zone). o there was no teamwork before. Now the villagers work together. The villagers listen to the leaders and then get involved in activities together such as digging the canals and clearing the road (Hilly zone). o the villagers are becoming united as they gather so often to attend meetings. Everyone gets involved in activities such as repairing of roads, community social occasions of joy and grief, etc. (Dry zone).
Source of household income LIFT 2011 LIFT 2013 Control 2011 Control 2013 Change in Control villages Difference in differences Change in LIFT villages Sale of tubers and root crops 2.8 1.7 -1.1 4.7 7.5 2.8* -3.9** Sale of toddy products 1.1 1.1 0 3.6 .2 -3.4*** 3.4*** Sale of fresh wild fish, prawns, crabs, shellfish 8.4 24.4 16*** 6.3 17 10.7*** 5.3* Sale of livestock or livestock products 12.2 22.2 10*** 11.6 16.1 4.5* 5.5* Casual labour fishery 21.6 3.4 -18.2*** 16.7 3.6 -13.1*** -5.1* Casual labour Other 8.4 7.2 -1.2 12.7 6.1 -6.6*** 5.4* Cash for work 0 2.4 2.4*** 0 .2 .2 2.2**
Comparison of households income during these past 12 months, with the previous year LIFT 2011 LIFT 2013 Control 2011 Control 2013 Change in Control villages Difference in differences Change in LIFT villages Increased 17.6 24.7 7.1*** 15.6 16.1 .5 6.6* Same as previous year 41.8 44.7 2.9 42.2 54.2 12*** -9.1* Decreased 40.2 30.3 -9.9*** 42 29.2 -12.8*** 2.9
Food consumed by households LIFT 2011 LIFT 2013 Control 2011 Control 2013 Change in Control villages Difference in differences Change in LIFT villages Any beef, pork, lamb, goat, rabbit, chicken, duck, other birds, other meats or organs such as liver, heart, kidney etc.? 11 26.4 15.4*** 12.2 21.2 9*** 6.4* Any eggs from chickens, quails, ducks or other birds? 9.8 23.7 13.9*** 14.4 21 6.6** 7.3*
Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) HDDS measures household food access based on the number of different food groups consumed over the previous 24 hours LIFT n=2,176 Control n=1,152 LIFT 2011 LIFT 2013 Change in LIFT villages Control 2011 Control 2013 Change in Control villages Difference in difference s Mean 5.3 6 .7*** 5.4 6 .6*** .1
Months of adequate household food provision (MAHFP) LIFT 2011 LIFT 2013 Change in LIFT villages Control 2011 Control 2013 Change in Control villages Difference in differences Had months in the past 12 months with not enough food 75 10.1 -64.9*** 71.7 12 -59.7*** -5.2* How many months 89.9 63.3*** 0 months 25 28.3 88 56.6*** 6.7* 1 month 3.8 1.8 -1.9* 5.4 1.2 -4.5*** 2.6 2 months 26.1 5.8 -20.2*** 27.8 7.3 -19.7*** -.5
Household Hunger Scale LIFT 2011 LIFT 2013 Control 2011 Control 2013 Change in Control villages Difference in differences Change in LIFT villages Little to no hunger in the household 92.6 99.1 6.5*** 94.2 99.3 5.1*** 1.4 Moderate hunger in the household 6.3 .7 -5.6*** 4.6 .7 -3.9*** -1.7 Severe hunger in the household 1.1 .2 -.9* 1.2 0 -1.2* .3
Coping strategies by changing the diet In the past 4 weeks LIFT 2011 LIFT 2013 Control 2011 Control 2013 Change in Control villages Difference in differences Change in LIFT villages Did your family reduce the size and/or number of meals eaten in a day because there was not enough food to eat? Never 74.4 94.2 19.8*** 81.6 93.9 12.3*** 7.5* Did your family change the family diet to cheaper or less-preferred foods, in order to have enough food to eat? Never 38.2 66.1 27.9*** 52.3 66.1 13.8*** 14.1***
Comparison of household food availability from all sources in the past 12 months with the previous year LIFT 2011 LIFT 2013 Control 2011 Control 2013 Change in Control villages Difference in differences Change in LIFT villages Increased 13.6 23 9.4*** 12.2 13.5 1.3 8.1** Same as previous year 52.3 53 -.7 59.9 60.4 -.5 .2 Decreased 33.4 23.3 -10.1*** 27.6 25.9 1.7 -8.4**
Land ownership and usage LIFT 2011 LIFT 2013 Control 2011 Control 2013 Change in Control villages Difference in differences Change in LIFT villages Own land 48.9 52.5 3.6 58.2 55.9 -2.3 5.9 Average size of land owned 4.3 4.1 -.2 3.3 3.2 -.1 -.1 Proportion of households irrigated their land 7.1 11.3 4.2** 8.5 8.7 .2 4*
Crop yield comparisons LIFT 2011 LIFT 2013 Control 2011 Control 2013 Change in Control villages Difference in differences Change in LIFT villages Crop yield compared with your average monsoon season (n=1,634) Better 21.9 24 2.1 17.5 20.6 3.1 -1 Same 40.9 34.9 -6* 42.3 28.5 -13.8** 7.8 Worse 37.2 41 3.8 40.2 50.9 10.7* -6.9*
Constraints to crop production LIFT 2011 LIFT 2013 Control 2011 Control 2013 Change in Control villages Difference in differences Change in LIFT villages Lack of money to buy the necessary inputs (or lack of credit) 27 12.1 -14.9*** 26.6 13.9 -12.7*** -2.2 Lack of land 5.3 8.1 9.2 9.4 3.9*** 1.3 8.3 5.9 7.6 11.6 -.7 5.7** 4.6* -4.4* Lack of household labour Lack of pesticides in the village 6.3 .6 -5.7*** 8.5 1 -7.5*** 1.8 Low prices for the agricultural crops grown 1.5 4.2 2.7*** 2.3 2.8 -.5 2.2** Bad/unreliable weather 16.7 26.3 9.6*** 19.4 26 6.6* 3 Soil acidity 0 .2 .2 0 1.2 1.2* -1*
Credit LIFT 2013 in LIFT villages LIFT 2011 Control 2011 Control 2013 Change in Control villages Difference in differences Change Proportion of households that took out a loan in the last 12 months 85 84.4 -.6 83.3 79 -4.3 3.7 The money came from 35.3 15.7*** Micro-credit provider (interest, 2.5% or less) 19.6 18.3 20.7 2.4 13.3*** Village Savings and Loans Association 8.4 3.4 -5*** 7.9 4.8 -3.1 -1.9* Farmers Association/Cooperative 1.5 2.5 1 2.7 .9 -1.8* 2.8* Government 14.7 26.3 11.6*** 16.5 22 5.5* 6.1*
Household assets - Proportion of households with the following source of lighting LIFT 2011 LIFT 2013 Control 2011 Control 2013 Change in Control villages Difference in differences Change in LIFT villages Electricity from the grid 3.7 5.1 1.4 4.7 4.7 0 1.4 Village generator 10.6 37.9 4.8 16.8 -5.8*** -21.1*** 7.5 32.6 5.9 13 -1.6* -19.6*** -4.2 -1.5 Lamp (kerosene/oil) Candle 17.6 3.7 13.8 14 -3.8* 10.3*** 21 3.8 18.9 13.7 -2.1 9.9*** -1.7 .4 Table lamp with dry battery Solar with battery 11.9 0 28.7 8.6 16.8*** 8.6*** 16.7 0 33.2 4.9 16.5*** 4.9*** .3 3.7* Hydro generator
Proportion of households being trained LIFT 2011 LIFT 2013 Change in LIFT villages Control 2011 Control 2013 Change in Control villages Difference in differences Crop production 8.9 15.6 6.7*** 3 .5 -2.5** 9.2*** Livestock 6.5 7.4 .9 4.5 .7 -3.8*** 4.7* Fisheries .7 .7 0 1.6 .2 -1.4* 1.4* Other vocational/livelihood skill 4.3 6.7 2.4* 2.8 .2 -2.6*** 5**
Household water supply rainy season# Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT Control Total Piped water into dwelling 10.9*** .5*** .1*** 4.4* 2.3* 3.8 Piped water to yard/plot 9.7*** 1.9*** 0*** 3.4* 5.3* 3.9 Tube well/borehole 4.7*** 42.4*** 0*** 17.2*** 11.5*** 15.8 Protected dug well 20.6*** 13.6*** 7.2*** 13.4 15.1 13.8 Unprotected dug well 5.2*** 2.1*** .5*** 2.3* 3.6* 2.6 Protected spring 25.7*** 2.6*** .3*** 9.3 10.5 9.6 Unprotected spring 9*** .6*** .2*** 4*** 1.3*** 3.3 Rainwater collection 6.2*** 8.1*** 82.5*** 31.8 32.8 32 Surface water 2.8*** 25.9*** 9.3*** 11.8* 15.5* 12.7
Cleaning the water# Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT Control Total Proportion of households treating water to make it drinkable (n=3,200) 74*** 97.9*** 99.1*** 91.3** 87.5** 90.3 How they clean the water (n=2,890) Boil 76.9*** 75.5*** 47.9*** 65.5 67 65.9 Add bleach/chlorine/iodine .1*** .3*** 1.5*** .9* .1* .7 Strain it through a cloth 33.2*** 71.2*** 88.1*** 64.1*** 75.6*** 66.9 Use a water filter 1.3*** 22.9*** 6.8*** 12.6*** 6.4*** 11.1 Let it stand and settle 23.2*** 4.3*** 24.5*** 17.1 15.7 16.8 Aluminium 0*** .8*** 3.9*** 2.1** .3** 1.7
Proportion of villages by zone facing water shortages by month 100 Hilly Dry Coastal/Delta 80 77.6 65.7 60 59.7 56.1 50.7 47 44.8 41.8 40 36.4 28.4 26.9 23.9 20 14.9 9 6.1 6 6 4.5 4.5 4.5 3 0 3 0 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jan Feb March Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Prevalence of underweight children aged 0-60 months by age groups (22% were moderately or severely underweight) Males 35 Females 33.3 Total 30 28.3 27.5 27.1 25.8 25.5 24.6 24.5 24 25 22.7 21.8 19.9 20 % 14.5 15 13.1 11.4 10 7.9 6.5 5 5 0 (0-5) (6-11) (12-23) (24-35) (36-47) (48-60) Age in months
Prevalence of stunted children aged 0-60 months by age (32% were moderately or severely stunted Males 45 Females 42.4 42 41.7 40.5 38.5 Total 40 36.9 36.4 36.2 36 35.2 35 31.6 30 28 25 % 20 13.3 15 11.7 10.8 9.8 9.5 8.3 10 5 0 (0-5) (6-11) (12-23) (24-35) (36-47) (48-60) Age in months
Prevalence of wasted children (weight for height) 7 per cent of children under 5 years of age showed signs of moderate and severe wasting Defined as less than 2 SDs below the median
Children 6 months and under being breastfed (n=489) Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT Control Total Is being breast fed 98.5 100 97.2 99.4* 96.2* 98.6 Breastfeeding with no solids 0 months 95.7 100 100 97.4 100 97.9 1 month 88 90.9 92 96* 77.3* 90.3 2 months 89.5 78.3 82.6 86.7 75 83.1 3 months 80 76 88.9 78.9 85.7 80.8 4 months 54.1 54.2 78.6 64.2 45.5 58.7 5 months 52.8 42.9 63.6 55.4 42.9 53.2 6 months 40 30.4 20.8 32 27.3 30.6 Total proportion of babies 0-6 months being breastfed without solids 68.7 64.6 73.2 71.1 62.6 68.8
Proportion of children with diarrhoea in the last two weeks (n=4,067) Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT Control Total Children with diarrhoea in the last two weeks 19.8*** 12*** 11.9*** 15.1 15.2 15.1 Children with diarrhoea in households which did clean their water 19.6 11.8 11.9 14.6** 14.5 14.5** Children in households which did NOT clean their water 20.4 16.3 12.5 19.8** 19.4 19.7**
Individual dietary diversity, minimum dietary diversity score for 6-23 month children Number of food groups Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT Control Total Poor (3 or less) 73.6*** 63.7*** 57.1*** 66.9* 61.8* 65.6 Acceptable (greater than 4) 26.4*** 36.3*** 42.9*** 33.1* 38.2* 34.4
Prevalence of poverty Based on US$1.25 Converted into Myanmar Kyat at 2010 Purchasing Power Parity Creating a poverty line of 862.97 Kyat per person per day Proportion of households with a daily per capita consumption of more than Kyats 862.97 Hilly Dry Coastal LIFT Control Total More than 862.97 per day 75.8* 64.2* 73.6* 71.7 69.6 71.2
LIFT Control Hilly Dry Coastal Total 1379.93 1340.37 1500.82 1157.4 1453.13 1370.04 Total (Kyat) Pulses, beans, nuts and seeds Meat, dairy, eggs Fish and other seafood Roots and tubers Vegetables Fruits Spices and condiments Other food products Alcoholic beverages Food and beverages Rice and cereals 3.2 7.5 5.6 1.0 6.8 1.9 4.7 1.7 1.1 1.4 3.1 6.8 7.3 1.1 6.5 2.0 5.3 1.6 1.5 1.0 3.4 7.4 2.7 1.5 7.9 1.5 4.4 1.7 1.8 1.0 4.8 6.4 4.7 0.6 7.9 2.1 5.1 1.1 1.0 0.4 1.7 7.9 10.5 0.9 4.5 2.2 5.1 2.1 0.7 2.4 3.2 7.3 6.0 1.0 6.7 2.0 4.8 1.7 1.2 1.3 14.5 16.0 14.8 16.5 13.6 14.9 Oil and fats Milk products Other food items Energy for household use Water Personal apparel Medicines Local transport Other non-food items Clothing and other apparel Home equipment Housing 3.4 0.8 2.2 5.5 0.6 2.9 3.5 1.7 2.0 3.7 0.5 3.1 0.2 2.3 4.9 0.4 2.8 3.4 2.0 1.8 2.4 0.3 2.9 1.4 1.6 5.7 0.2 2.6 1.9 1.7 1.3 3.0 0.3 5.0 0.0 1.5 3.1 0.7 3.2 3.9 1.3 1.6 3.8 0.4 2.3 0.2 3.5 6.7 0.9 2.9 4.8 2.3 3.0 3.4 0.5 3.3 0.6 2.2 5.3 0.6 2.9 3.5 1.8 2.0 3.3 0.4 7.7 8.4 10.3 9.2 4.2 7.9 Health Education Travel/trips Other Assets 2.6 1.9 0.5 1.3 3.0 2.1 0.3 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.3 0.4 3.7 1.5 0.3 2.8 2.7 1.7 0.8 1.1 2.7 1.9 0.5 1.3 9.9 8.8 13.6 7.4 7.3 9.7
