Internal Factors Influencing Academic Achievement: Class and Self-fulfilling Prophecy
The key internal factors linked to
class and achievement
PERCy Paragraph on SFP
Paired discussion
What do these 4 terms mean?
Banding
Streaming
Setting
Mixed-ability
Streaming and self-fulfilling prophecy
Streaming – separate pupils according to ability
and each group is taught separately.
Self-fulfilling prophecy is more likely to occur
when children are streamed.
W/C are labelled by teachers and more likely to
find themselves in lower streams – locked into
low expectations – written off as no hopers.
•
Study of two London secondary schools.
•
Teachers use stereotypical notions of ability to stream
pupils. Less likely to see WC (and black) pupils as
having ability – more likely to be put into lower sets –
denied knowledge to gain good grades.
•
Publishing exam league tables forces schools to focus
on A-C statistics
Educational Triage –
‘A-C Economy’
Gillborn and Youdell (2001)
The need to gain a good
league table position creates
an educational triage and A-C
economy.
Pupil Subcultures
A group of pupils share similar values and
behaviour patterns. Emerge as a response to
labelling.
Lacey (1970) Hightown Boys’
Grammar School
•
Participant and non-
participant observation of
school life. He observed
and taught some lessons
and helped with the
cricket team.
Differentiation – Streaming
is a form of differentiation
as it categorises pupils into
separate classes. Some
pupils are high status –
others are low status.
Polarisation – Pupils
respond to streaming by
moving to extremes or
opposite poles.
Pro-school subculture
Pupils in high streams (M/C)
remain committed to the
school and its values.
Anti-school subculture
Pupils in low-streams (W/C)
lose their self esteem.
Being labelled a failure means
they must gain status from
other activities.
Gain status from sabotaging
the system which rejects him.
Cheeking a teacher, Truanting,
not doing homework, smoking,
graffitti, vandalism.
Hargreaves (1967) Secondary Modern
•
Boys here were triple failures.
•
Failed the 11+, placed in low streams, labelled
as worthless.
•
These pupils seek each other out and form
delinquent subculture
which
guaranteed their educational failure.
Ball (1981) Beachside Comprehensive
•
Study of a school that abolishes banding in favour of
mixed ability teaching.
•
Pupil polarisation disappeared but M/C kids still did
better?
•
Differentiation between pupils continued, teachers still
more likely to label M/C pupils as able.
•
Class inequalities continued without the existence of
pupil subcultures.
Other Pupil Responses to subcultures Woods
(1979)
Furlong (1984) pupils may
drift in and out of
different responses
throughout their school
career.
Not a fixed response.
Pupils’ class identities
Archer (2010) interaction
between a pupils’ class identity
(formed outside school) and
school and achievement.
Habitus – ‘dispositions’ or learned
behaviour, ways of thinking and
acting shared by a class.
Middle class has power to define
itself as superior. The education
system puts higher value on
middle class culture, tastes,
values.
Symbolic capital
Middle class students are seen
as worthy, having potential.
MC kids have symbolic capital -
they share the same habitus as
the education system.
Symbolic violence
Working class students seen as
inferior, their preferences,
clothing, accents and appearance
are seen as tasteless.
WC kids see education as alien
and unnatural.
To be educationally successful,
they felt they had to change the
way they talked and presented
themselves.
They had to lose themselves to fit
into university and professional
careers.
Nike Identities
WC kids seek alternative ways
of creating self-worth and
identity.
Wearing brands becomes a
way of being me.
Peers became style police –
not conforming was social
suicide.
Conflict with school dress code
– seen as rebels.
MC see this brand fetish as
tasteless – young WC see it as
a means of generating their
own symbolic capital.
Nike styles – signifies a lifestyle
and justifies rejection of HE.
WC get the message that
education is not for likes of
them and actively choose to
reject it as it does not fit their
lifestyle.
Class identity and self exclusion
Evans (2009) study of 21 WC
girls (A-levels) from South
London.
Reluctant to apply for top
universities.
Oxbridge not for the likes of
us. We would not fit in.
Self-exclusion from top
universities – limits options
and success.
Plenary: Rank in order of
importance. Justify your answer.
Home Learning
1.
Define the term educational triage (2m)
2.
Briefly explain how pupils’ identities may
lead to underachievement (2m)
3.
Outline three ways in which pupils may
respond to streaming. (6m)
4.
Evaluate the view that social class differences
in achievement are the result of what goes
on in schools. (20m)
Internal factors such as self-fulfilling prophecy, class identities, pupil-teacher labeling, and streaming in schools play a significant role in shaping academic outcomes. The self-fulfilling prophecy can impact working-class children's attainment levels, as shown in studies like Rosenthal Research. However, this concept has faced criticism. Educational triage and an A-C economy further influence how pupils are categorized and supported in academic settings. Pupil subcultures also emerge in response to labeling practices, shaping group dynamics within schools.
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Presentation Transcript
The key internal factors linked to class and achievement In-school factors Self- fulfilling prophecy Pupils class identities Pupil Teacher Labelling Streaming subcultures
PERCy Paragraph on SFP The Self fulfilling prophecy is Point It can affect a W/C childs attainment because Explain In their study, Rosenthal Research However, this idea can be criticised because Critique
Paired discussion What do these 4 terms mean? Banding Streaming Setting Mixed-ability
Streaming and self-fulfilling prophecy Streaming separate pupils according to ability and each group is taught separately. Self-fulfilling prophecy is more likely to occur when children are streamed. W/C are labelled by teachers and more likely to find themselves in lower streams locked into low expectations written off as no hopers.
Educational Triage A-C Economy Gillborn and Youdell (2001) Study of two London secondary schools. Teachers use stereotypical notions of ability to stream pupils. Less likely to see WC (and black) pupils as having ability more likely to be put into lower sets denied knowledge to gain good grades. Publishing exam league tables forces schools to focus on A-C statistics
The need to gain a good league table position creates an educational triage and A-C economy. Pupils -Triage Borderline C/D students are targeted for extra help Those who will pass anyway Hopeless cases largely ignored
Pupil Subcultures A group of pupils share similar values and behaviour patterns. Emerge as a response to labelling. Lacey (1970) Hargreaves (1967) Ball (1981) Hightown Boys Grammar School Secondary Modern Beachside Comprehensive
Lacey (1970) Hightown Boys Grammar School Participant and non- participant observation of school life. He observed and taught some lessons and helped with the cricket team. Differentiation Streaming is a form of differentiation as it categorises pupils into separate classes. Some pupils are high status others are low status. Polarisation Pupils respond to streaming by moving to extremes or opposite poles.
Pro-school subculture Anti-school subculture Pupils in low-streams (W/C) lose their self esteem. Pupils in high streams (M/C) remain committed to the school and its values. Being labelled a failure means they must gain status from other activities. Gain status from sabotaging the system which rejects him. Cheeking a teacher, Truanting, not doing homework, smoking, graffitti, vandalism.
Hargreaves (1967) Secondary Modern Boys here were triple failures. Failed the 11+, placed in low streams, labelled as worthless. These pupils seek each other out and form delinquent subculture which guaranteed their educational failure.
Ball (1981) Beachside Comprehensive Study of a school that abolishes banding in favour of mixed ability teaching. Pupil polarisation disappeared but M/C kids still did better? Differentiation between pupils continued, teachers still more likely to label M/C pupils as able. Class inequalities continued without the existence of pupil subcultures.
Other Pupil Responses to subcultures Woods (1979) Furlong (1984) pupils may drift in and out of different responses throughout their school career. Teacher s Pet Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion Not a fixed response.
Pupils class identities Archer (2010) interaction between a pupils class identity (formed outside school) and school and achievement. Habitus dispositions or learned behaviour, ways of thinking and acting shared by a class. Middle class has power to define itself as superior. The education system puts higher value on middle class culture, tastes, values.
Symbolic violence Symbolic capital Working class students seen as inferior, their preferences, clothing, accents and appearance are seen as tasteless. Middle class students are seen as worthy, having potential. WC kids see education as alien and unnatural. MC kids have symbolic capital - they share the same habitus as the education system. To be educationally successful, they felt they had to change the way they talked and presented themselves. They had to lose themselves to fit into university and professional careers.
Nike Identities WC kids seek alternative ways of creating self-worth and identity. MC see this brand fetish as tasteless young WC see it as a means of generating their own symbolic capital. Wearing brands becomes a way of being me. Nike styles signifies a lifestyle and justifies rejection of HE. Peers became style police not conforming was social suicide. WC get the message that education is not for likes of them and actively choose to reject it as it does not fit their lifestyle. Conflict with school dress code seen as rebels.
Class identity and self exclusion Evans (2009) study of 21 WC girls (A-levels) from South London. Reluctant to apply for top universities. Oxbridge not for the likes of us. We would not fit in. Self-exclusion from top universities limits options and success.
Plenary: Rank in order of importance. Justify your answer. In-school factors Self- fulfilling prophecy Pupils class identities Pupil Teacher Labelling Streaming subcultures
Home Learning 1. Define the term educational triage (2m) 2. Briefly explain how pupils identities may lead to underachievement (2m) 3. Outline three ways in which pupils may respond to streaming. (6m) 4. Evaluate the view that social class differences in achievement are the result of what goes on in schools. (20m)
