Davis & Moore Theory on Social Stratification
Davis & Moore theory on Social
Stratification
Introduction
•
The Davis-Moore theory was developed by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E.
Moore during their time at Princeton University. The paper it appeared
in,
Some Principles of Stratification
, was published in 1945.
•
The
Davis-Moore Theory of Stratification
is a theory that argues that
social
inequality
and
stratification
are inevitable in every society, as they perform
a beneficial function for society.
•
ডেভিছ-মূৰ স্তৰীয়কৰণ তত্ত্ব হৈছে এনে এক তত্ত্ব যিয়ে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে
সামাজিক বৈষম্য আৰু স্তৰবিন্যাস প্ৰতিখন সমাজতে অনিবাৰ্য, কিয়নো ই
সমাজৰ বাবে এক উপকাৰী কাম কৰে।
•
It states that the role of social inequality is to motivate the most talented
individuals to fulfill the most necessary and complex tasks in wider society.
•
ইয়াত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে যে সামাজিক বৈষম্যৰ ভূমিকা হ’ল বহল সমাজৰ
আটাইতকৈ প্ৰয়োজনীয় আৰু জটিল কামবোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিবলৈ অতি প্ৰতিভাৱান
ব্যক্তিক প্ৰেৰণা দিয়া।
•
They claimed that stratification was inevitable across all societies because
of a ‘motivational problem’.
•
তেওঁলোকে দাবী কৰিছিল যে ‘প্ৰেৰণামূলক সমস্যা’ৰ বাবে সকলো সমাজতে
স্তৰীয়কৰণ অনিবাৰ্য।
Role allocation(
ভূমিকা আবণ্টন
)
•
They argued that certain roles in society were more important than
others.
•
তেওঁলোকে যুক্তি দিছিল যে সমাজত কিছুমান ভূমিকা আনতকৈ অধিক
গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ।
•
For these crucial roles to be fulfilled in the best possible way, society
needs to attract the most talented and qualified people for these jobs.
•
এই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকাসমূহ সম্ভৱপৰ উত্তম পদ্ধতিৰে পালন কৰিবলৈ হ’লে
সমাজে এই চাকৰিসমূহৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ প্ৰতিভাৱান আৰু যোগ্য লোকক
আকৰ্ষণ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজন।
•
These people had to be naturally gifted in their tasks, and they had to
complete extensive training for the roles.
•
এই মানুহবোৰ নিজৰ কামত স্বাভাৱিকতে মেধাৱী হ’ব লাগিছিল, আৰু
ভূমিকাবোৰৰ বাবে তেওঁলোকে বিস্তৃত প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিব লাগিছিল।
•
Their natural talent and hard work should be
rewarded
by monetary
rewards (represented through their salaries) and by
social
status
(represented in their social standing).
•
তেওঁলোকৰ স্বাভাৱিক প্ৰতিভা আৰু কঠোৰ পৰিশ্ৰমৰ পুৰস্কাৰ আৰ্থিক
পুৰস্কাৰৰ দ্বাৰা (তেওঁলোকৰ দৰমহাৰ জৰিয়তে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা) আৰু
সামাজিক মৰ্যাদাৰ দ্বাৰা (তেওঁলোকৰ সামাজিক অৱস্থানত প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব
কৰা)।
Meritocracy
•
Davis and Moore believed that
all
individuals had the same
opportunities to exploit their talent, work hard, gain qualifications
and end up in high-paying, high status positions.
•
ডেভিছ আৰু মূৰে বিশ্বাস কৰিছিল যে সকলো ব্যক্তিয়েই নিজৰ
প্ৰতিভাক শোষণ কৰাৰ, কঠোৰ পৰিশ্ৰম কৰাৰ, অৰ্হতা লাভ কৰাৰ
আৰু শেষত উচ্চ দৰমহা পোৱা, উচ্চ মৰ্যাদাৰ পদত একেধৰণৰ
সুযোগ পায়।
•
They believed that education and wider society were
both
meritocratic
.
•
তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শিক্ষা আৰু বহল সমাজ দুয়োটা মেৰিট’ক্ৰেটিক।
•
The hierarchy that would inevitably result from the differentiation
between more important and less important jobs was based
on
merit
rather than anything else, according to functionalists.
•
অধিক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আৰু কম গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চাকৰিৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ফলত
যি স্তৰবৃত্ত অনিবাৰ্যভাৱে হ’ব, সেয়া আছিল কাৰ্য্যকৰীতাবাদীসকলৰ
মতে, আন সকলোতকৈ মেধাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি।
Unequal rewards (
অসমান পুৰস্কাৰ
)
•
Davis and Moore highlighted the significance of unequal rewards. If
one can get paid just as much for a position where one does not
need extensive training and physical or mental effort, everyone
would opt for those jobs and no one would voluntarily undergo
training and choose the more difficult options.
•
ডেভিছ আৰু মূৰে অসমান পুৰস্কাৰৰ তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ ওপৰত আলোকপাত
কৰে। যদি কোনোবাই এনে এটা পদৰ বাবে ঠিক তেনেকুৱাই দৰমহা
পাব পাৰে য’ত তেওঁক বিস্তৃত প্ৰশিক্ষণ আৰু শাৰীৰিক বা মানসিক
প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নহয়, তেন্তে সকলোৱে সেই চাকৰিবোৰ বাছি ল’ব
আৰু কোনেও স্বেচ্ছাই প্ৰশিক্ষণ ল’ব নোৱাৰিব আৰু অধিক কঠিন
বিকল্প বাছি ল’ব।
•
They argue that by putting higher rewards on more important jobs,
ambitious individuals compete and thus motivate each other to get
better skills and knowledge. As a result of this competition, society
would end up with the best experts in every field.
•
তেওঁলোকৰ মতে অধিক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কামত অধিক পুৰস্কাৰ দি অভিলাষী
ব্যক্তিসকলে প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অৱতীৰ্ণ হয় আৰু এইদৰে ইজনে সিজনক
উন্নত দক্ষতা আৰু জ্ঞান লাভৰ বাবে প্ৰেৰণা দিয়ে। এই প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ
ফলস্বৰূপে সমাজৰ অন্ত পৰিব প্ৰতিটো ক্ষেত্ৰতে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ বিশেষজ্ঞৰ সৈতে।
Continued….
•
For Example:
•
A heart surgeon is an example of a very crucial job. One must undergo
extensive training and work hard at the position to fulfil it well. As a result,
it must be awarded high rewards, money and prestige.
•
হৃদযন্ত্ৰৰ অস্ত্ৰোপচাৰ বিশেষজ্ঞ এজন অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কামৰ উদাহৰণ। এজনে
বিস্তৃত প্ৰশিক্ষণ ল’ব লাগিব আৰু সেই পদটো ভালদৰে পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ কঠোৰ
পৰিশ্ৰম কৰিব লাগিব। ফলত ইয়াক উচ্চ পুৰস্কাৰ, ধন আৰু প্ৰতিপত্তি প্ৰদান
কৰিব লাগিব।
•
On the other hand, a cashier - while important - is not a position that
requires great talent and training to fulfill. As a result, it comes with lower
social status and monetary reward.
•
আনহাতে, এজন কেচিয়াৰ - গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ হ’লেও - এনে এটা পদ নহয় যিটো
পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ মহান প্ৰতিভা আৰু প্ৰশিক্ষণৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। ফলত ইয়াৰ
সামাজিক মৰ্যাদা কম আৰু আৰ্থিক পুৰস্কাৰ পোৱা যায়।
Education
•
Davis and Moore believed that
social stratification
, role allocation and
meritocracy start in
education
.
•
ডেভিছ আৰু মূৰে বিশ্বাস কৰিছিল যে সামাজিক স্তৰবিন্যাস, ভূমিকা আবণ্টন
আৰু মেৰিট’ক্ৰেচি শিক্ষাৰ পৰাই আৰম্ভ হয়।
•
According to functionalists, educational institutions reflect what is happening
in wider society. This happens in several ways:
•
কাৰ্য্যকৰীসকলৰ মতে শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানসমূহে বহল সমাজত ঘটি থকা কথাবোৰ
প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে। এইটো কেইবাটাও ধৰণে হয়:
•
It is normal and common to separate students according to their talents and
interests
•
ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীক তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰতিভা আৰু আগ্ৰহ অনুযায়ী পৃথক কৰাটো স্বাভাৱিক
আৰু সাধাৰণ কথা
•
Pupils have to prove their worth through tests and exams to be allocated to
the best ability groups.
•
ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে পৰীক্ষা আৰু পৰীক্ষাৰ জৰিয়তে নিজৰ যোগ্যতা প্ৰমাণ কৰিব
লাগিব যাতে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ক্ষমতাৰ গোটত আবণ্টন হয়।
•
It is also shown that the longer one stays in education, the more likely it is that
they end up in higher paying, more prestigious jobs.
•
এইটোও দেখুওৱা হৈছে যে যিমানেই বেছি দিন শিক্ষাত থাকিব সিমানেই তেওঁলোকে
অধিক দৰমহা পোৱা, অধিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত চাকৰিত যোগদান কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি।
Criticism(
সমালোচনা
)
•
One of the biggest criticisms of Davis and Moore targets their idea of meritocracy. Marxist
sociologists argue that meritocracy in both education and wider society is a
myth
.
•
ডেভিছ আৰু মূৰৰ অন্যতম ডাঙৰ সমালোচনাই তেওঁলোকৰ মেৰিট’ক্ৰেচিৰ ধাৰণাটোক লক্ষ্য কৰি
লৈছে। মাৰ্ক্সবাদী সমাজবিজ্ঞানীসকলে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে শিক্ষা আৰু বহল সমাজ দুয়োটাতে
মেৰিট’ক্ৰেচি এক মিথ।
•
People have different
life chances
and opportunities open to them depending on which
class, ethnicity and gender they belong to.
•
কোন শ্ৰেণী, জাতি আৰু লিংগৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি মানুহৰ জীৱনৰ সম্ভাৱনা আৰু সুযোগ
বেলেগ বেলেগ।
•
Example: many pupils from
ethnic minority backgrounds
, who struggle to conform to the
White culture and values of most Western educational institutions.
•
উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে: সংখ্যালঘু জনগোষ্ঠীৰ বহু ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰী, যিয়ে বেছিভাগ পশ্চিমীয়া শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানৰ বগা
সংস্কৃতি আৰু মূল্যবোধৰ সৈতে খাপ খুৱাবলৈ সংগ্ৰাম কৰে।
•
Another criticism of the Davis-Moore hypothesis is that in real life, quite often, less
important jobs get much higher rewards than essential positions.
•
ডেভিছ-মূৰৰ অনুমানৰ আন এটা সমালোচনা হ’ল যে বাস্তৱ জীৱনত যথেষ্ট সঘনাই কম
গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চাকৰিবোৰে অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় পদতকৈ বহু বেছি পুৰস্কাৰ পায়।
•
The fact that many football players and pop singers earn much more than nurses and
teachers, is not sufficiently explained by the functionalists’ theory.
•
বহু ফুটবল খেলুৱৈ আৰু পপ গায়কে নাৰ্ছ আৰু শিক্ষকতকৈ বহু বেছি উপাৰ্জন কৰাটো
কাৰ্য্যকৰীসকলৰ তত্ত্বৰ দ্বাৰা পৰ্যাপ্তভাৱে ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হোৱা নাই।
The Davis-Moore theory argues that social inequality is necessary as it motivates talented individuals to fulfill crucial roles in society. They believed in meritocracy and unequal rewards to incentivize individuals to pursue important roles. The theory emphasizes that society rewards talent and hard work with monetary compensation and social status.
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Presentation Transcript
Davis & Moore theory on Social Stratification
Introduction The Davis-Moore theory was developed by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore during their time at Princeton University. The paper it appeared in, Some Principles of Stratification, was published in 1945. The Davis-Moore Theory of Stratification is a theory that argues that social inequality and stratification are inevitable in every society, as they perform a beneficial function for society. - , It states that the role of social inequality is to motivate the most talented individuals to fulfill the most necessary and complex tasks in wider society. They claimed that stratification was inevitable across all societies because of a motivational problem .
Role allocation( ) They argued that certain roles in society were more important than others. For these crucial roles to be fulfilled in the best possible way, society needs to attract the most talented and qualified people for these jobs. These people had to be naturally gifted in their tasks, and they had to complete extensive training for the roles. , Their natural talent and hard work should be rewarded by monetary rewards (represented through their salaries) and by social status (represented in their social standing). ( ) ( )
Meritocracy Davis and Moore believed that all individuals had the same opportunities to exploit their talent, work hard, gain qualifications and end up in high-paying, high status positions. , , , They believed that education and wider society were both meritocratic. The hierarchy that would inevitably result from the differentiation between more important and less important jobs was based on merit rather than anything else, according to functionalists. , ,
Unequal rewards ( ) Davis and Moore highlighted the significance of unequal rewards. If one can get paid just as much for a position where one does not need extensive training and physical or mental effort, everyone would opt for those jobs and no one would voluntarily undergo training and choose the more difficult options. , They argue that by putting higher rewards on more important jobs, ambitious individuals compete and thus motivate each other to get better skills and knowledge. As a result of this competition, society would end up with the best experts in every field.
Continued. For Example: A heart surgeon is an example of a very crucial job. One must undergo extensive training and work hard at the position to fulfil it well. As a result, it must be awarded high rewards, money and prestige. , On the other hand, a cashier - while important - is not a position that requires great talent and training to fulfill. As a result, it comes with lower social status and monetary reward. , - -
Education Davis and Moore believed that social stratification, role allocation and meritocracy start in education. , According to functionalists, educational institutions reflect what is happening in wider society. This happens in several ways: : It is normal and common to separate students according to their talents and interests - Pupils have to prove their worth through tests and exams to be allocated to the best ability groups. - It is also shown that the longer one stays in education, the more likely it is that they end up in higher paying, more prestigious jobs. ,
Criticism() One of the biggest criticisms of Davis and Moore targets their idea of meritocracy. Marxist sociologists argue that meritocracy in both education and wider society is a myth. People have different life chances and opportunities open to them depending on which class, ethnicity and gender they belong to. , Example: many pupils from ethnic minority backgrounds, who struggle to conform to the White culture and values of most Western educational institutions. : - , Another criticism of the Davis-Moore hypothesis is that in real life, quite often, less important jobs get much higher rewards than essential positions. - The fact that many football players and pop singers earn much more than nurses and teachers, is not sufficiently explained by the functionalists theory.
