Measurement of oxygen diffusion rate in plant roots is crucial for assessing soil oxygen levels and aeration conditions. The Oxygen Diffusion Rate (ODR) method utilizes a platinum microelectrode to simulate roots, allowing for the calculation of oxygen flux at the root-soil interface. By monitoring

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Learn about the fundamentals of shell programming in Unix/Linux systems, including the role of the shell as an interface between users and the operating system. Understand the components of a shell, such as the kernel, and explore different types of shells like Bourne Shell and C Shell. Discover how

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Before the 1950s, users interacted directly with mainframe computers without an operating system, debugging using control panels. The transition to writing programs in symbolic languages led to the need for specific drivers. Run queues and operator-assisted job submissions marked this era. The first

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The morphology of plant roots is essential in understanding plant systematics and anatomy. Roots are categorized into two main groups: Tap Roots and Adventitious Roots. Tap roots directly arise from the seed and can be fibrous, tuberous, conical, fusiform, or napiform. Adventitious roots develop fro

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Unix-like systems, such as Linux, Android, iOS, and macOS, are prevalent in various devices. The Unix shell acts as an intermediary between users and the operating system, allowing for program execution and process management. Secure Shell (SSH) and X Window System enable remote machine connections

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CP and MV commands in Unix/Linux are essential for copying and moving files or directories. CP is used to copy files with various options for different scenarios, while MV is used to move or rename files. Learn examples and practical usage of these commands to efficiently manage your files on the te

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Explore the concept of cube roots and various methods for calculating cube roots such as prime factorization and estimation. Learn how to find the length of the side of a cube given its volume. Dive into examples and see how cube roots are the inverse operation of finding the cube. Gain insights int

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UNIX, known as the mother of most operating systems, follows a design philosophy rooted in plain text data storage, hierarchical file systems, and modular programs. The UNIX kernel controls system functions, while Linux, a Unix-like OS, operates as a free and open-source alternative developed from s

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The lesson revolves around the concept of roots and identity in human life, emphasizing the deep connection individuals have with their origins. It discusses the longing to return home during significant occasions like Eid, highlighting how roots shape a person's sense of belonging and identity. Thr

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Explore the fundamentals of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) in Unix and Network Programming, covering topics such as UDP client/server programs, network layers, transport layer services, UDP packet format, and socket programming. Learn about the characteristics and usage of UDP, including its simple me

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Discover the fundamentals of UNIX operating system, its significance in modern computing, directory structures, pathnames, and the role of CPU in computer systems. Learn why understanding UNIX can be essential for efficient program development and resource management. Explore the distinction between

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Awk is a versatile text processing tool in UNIX that allows users to scan files, manipulate and format data, and generate reports efficiently. With awk, users can split input lines into fields, compare them to patterns, and perform actions based on matches. This tool supports various programming con

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Explore the evolution of DevOps through images showcasing key milestones from the AT&T Bell Labs UNIX era to modern DevOps teams at Google and Facebook. Delve into the analogy of a combustion engine to understand the roles of developers, operations, and orchestration in the DevOps ecosystem. Gain in

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Explore the concept of square roots, learn how to estimate them without calculators using perfect roots, understand positive and negative square roots, and master the fundamentals through examples. Discover the relationship between perfect roots and square roots, and enhance your mathematical skills

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Explore techniques for analyzing geoscientific data using Unix and GMT, including handling irregularly spaced data, fitting curves, processing noisy data, and utilizing filtering methods. Learn about spline usage, polynomial fitting, correlation coefficients, and Gnuplot functionalities.

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Unix Shell commands such as sort, cut, uniq, join, paste, sed, grep, awk, wc, diff, comm, and cat are essential for text processing in bioinformatics. These tools allow seamless manipulation of text data without the need for intermediate files, making file processing efficient and powerful. By pipin

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The Make utility in Linux/Unix is a command generator designed to assist in compiling large projects efficiently by using Makefiles with rules and dependencies to determine and execute necessary tasks. It minimizes recompilation, reduces resource usage, and streamlines complex program compilation pr

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Explore the role of user accounts and directory services in network-centric computing infrastructure. Learn about Directory Servers, User Administration in Unix, and the concept of Group Accounts in Unix. Discover how Directory Services provide centralized repositories for managing information, enab

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Explore the concept of UNIX system permissions, including discretionary access control (DAC) model, user terminology, file/directory access, access permission modes, categories of users, and checking permissions using examples. Learn about user IDs, groups, superuser privileges, ownership, access mo

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UNIX System Protection focuses on ensuring security and access control mechanisms within the UNIX operating system. Developed in 1969 by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at AT&T Bell Labs, UNIX features design elements like a portable API, protection rings, kernel processes, and a trusted computing b

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Explore the fundamentals of Unix shells, including their role as an interface between the Unix kernel and users, different shell types like Bourne, Korn, and Bourne-again shells, shell startup files, environment variables, and more. Learn how shells interpret and run commands, manage aliases, and co

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This course overview covers topics such as C programming review, Unix basics, Unix systems programming, and grading details. The course includes labs on C/C++ programming, Unix shell scripting, and writing your own shell. Communication is emphasized through Piazza for questions/answers and Blackboar

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Delve into the complexities of filesystems such as FFS and LFS, exploring concepts like i-nodes, ownership, permissions, and indirect blocks. Learn about the structure of UNIX inodes, path searching, caching, read-ahead optimization, and the limitations of the original UNIX filesystem. Unravel the i

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Discover the supported platforms for Dyalog APL on UNIX, including AIX and various Linux distributions. Learn about driving APL on UNIX, using PuTTY for Windows clients, configuring terminal windows, and running TryAPL as a service. Get insights on setting up Dyalog APL on Linux and explore keyboard

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Learn essential Unix commands such as pwd, ls, cd, mkdir, and man, along with their functionalities and usage in navigating the Unix file system effectively. Understand the basics of directories, file structures, and how to get help using the command line interface.

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This material provides an overview of fundamental commands in Unix systems, applicable to both Unix and Linux operating systems. It covers topics like directory structure, text file manipulation, file permissions, redirections, pipes, wildcards, and more. Learn about the nature of Unix systems, how

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Explore the rich history and practical benefits of using UNIX systems. Learn about the UNIX user interface, the significance of command line interactions, the philosophy of small programs, and the evolution of graphical interfaces. Discover why mastering UNIX skills is valuable for computing student

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UNIX is a versatile operating system that enables multi-user access, multitasking, and portability across various computing environments. It serves as the foundation for many modern operating systems and has influenced concepts incorporated in Microsoft Windows and DOS. The UNIX system comprises dis

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Dive into the Unix I/O philosophy, understanding pathnames, conventions, and file structures. Learn how Unix revolutionized file handling with its unified approach and discover the power of accessing files, reading/writing, pipes, and filters. Gain insights into Unix file conventions and the flexibi

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Explore the world of integers, powers, and roots in this educational chapter. Learn how to multiply and divide integers, calculate squares and square roots, understand laws of indices, and master the order of operations. Discover concepts like LCM, HCF, prime factorization, natural and rational numb

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Shell scripts in UNIX and network programming provide a powerful way to automate tasks, simplify recurring operations, and enhance system administration. They leverage variables, decision-making control, looping abilities, and function calls to streamline processes. With essential features like file

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The reading portion of the ACCUPLACER test intentionally includes unfamiliar vocabulary to test your ability to infer meaning from roots. This guide explains the importance of Greek and Latin roots, provides examples, and offers insights on how to decipher words by understanding roots, prefixes, and

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Explore the intricate process management mechanisms in UNIX operating systems, covering the suspension, activation, and destruction of processes along with resource allocation and priority handling. Delve into the scheduling intricacies of UNIX environments for optimal performance.

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Learn how to use UNIX commands such as pipes and xargs in geophysics data analysis. Discover how to manipulate file lists, search for specific strings in files, and run programs on file names efficiently using xargs in a UNIX environment.

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This content guide provides step-by-step instructions on downloading, unpacking, and using examples in UNIX environment, connecting to a university UNIX account from Windows using Putty, logging in with UPI and password, and running basic C programming exercises. It also covers basic Linux commands

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UNIX is a powerful operating system developed in the 1960s that forms the basis for modern systems like Linux. It manages hardware communication for users and programs. The file system organizes files in a hierarchical structure, with directories acting as folders. Learn about directories, subdirect

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This overview delves into the creation, termination, memory layout, and dynamic memory management of Unix processes in Computer Systems II. It covers the distinctions between code, executables, and processes, the memory layout of Unix processes, management of heap memory using malloc and free functi

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Explore the external structure of plants, focusing on the root system and its specialized types like tap roots, aerial roots, stilt roots, and prop roots. Learn about the functions of roots, including anchoring plants, absorbing water and minerals, and supporting new plant growth from various exampl

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Delve into the world of Linux with an introduction to its basics, operating system functionalities, and a quick history lesson from the Unix roots to the release of Linux. Explore the significance of Linux as an operating system and the evolution of computing. Get insights into key milestones like U

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Explore the world of UNIX text processing through a comprehensive guide covering essential commands, efficient workflows, and powerful combinations. Learn how UNIX commands streamline tasks, eliminate redundant code, and enhance productivity. Discover the art of piping, output redirection, and utili

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