Carbohydrates, along with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, are essential macromolecules in living organisms. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Carbohydrates provide the main energy source for living things, with examples including glucose, fructose, and sucrose.

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Polysaccharides are carbohydrates with more than 10 monosaccharide units, commonly found in foods like starch, cellulose, glycogen, hemicellulose, and pectic substances. Starch, a natural polymer of D-glucose, is a major energy source in the human diet, present in cereals, roots, and tubers. It cons

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Glycogen serves as a crucial storage form of glucose in the body, ensuring a constant source of blood glucose crucial for brain function, RBC energy, and muscle fuel. This storage form is essential for providing glucose during times of fasting or increased energy demands, with glycogen synthesis and

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In vertebrates, glycogen serves as a glucose reservoir in the liver and skeletal muscles. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose-6-phosphate, crucial for providing glucose to tissues in the absence of dietary sources. Enzymes like glycogen phosphorylase, debranching enzyme, and pho

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Glucose homeostasis is crucial for controlling glucose metabolism and maintaining normal blood glucose levels in the body. It involves various metabolic sources, including dietary intake and gluconeogenesis. The liver plays a vital role in regulating blood glucose levels, while severe hypo- and hype

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Salivary enzyme amylase, also known as ptyalin, plays a crucial role in breaking down starch and glycogen into maltose. This practical session in the Zoology department explores the action of salivary enzyme amylase at a temperature of 37°C and pH of 6.6. By conducting experiments with starch, iodi

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Entamoeba histolytica is a zoonotic protozoan parasite found in the digestive tracts of various hosts. It exists in trophozoite and cyst forms, with trophozoites containing erythrocytes and pseudopodia. The cyst stage is characterized by spherical masses discharged by trophozoites and containing chr

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Learn how to prepare for a marathon with crucial tips on nutrition, hydration, and training. Discover the importance of carbohydrate loading, adequate hydration, and meeting essential food group requirements. Get insights on muscle glycogen resynthesis, hydration strategies, and the basics of mainta

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Phylum Protozoa comprises unicellular, microscopic, eukaryotic organisms found mostly in aquatic habitats. They exhibit diverse locomotory structures such as cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia. These protists may possess a cellulose cell wall and various membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and

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Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a specific ratio. Monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and galactose are carbohydrate monomers, while polysaccharides like lactose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, and glycogen are carbohydrate polymers. The chemical formula for glucose

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This lecture covers important aspects of sport performance, including muscle metabolic systems, recovery processes, nutrients used during activity, effects of smoking and heart disease on performance, body fluids and salt balance, and the impact of drugs on athletes. Topics discussed include ATP ene

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Carbohydrates are essential organic compounds found abundantly in living organisms, containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. This summary delves into the classification of carbohydrates based on characteristics like the number of carbon atoms, terminal function groups, and the number of sugar subuni

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High prevalence of malnutrition in upper GI cancer patients highlights the importance of early nutritional screening and intervention. The role of prehab clinics in enhancing outcomes is gaining momentum. Insights from previous experience in nutritional screening reveal both advantages and challenge

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Explore the chemical methods used in meat processing to detect adulteration, including tests for glycogen content, linoleic acid levels, iodine value, refractive index, and myoglobin content in different animal species. Learn how these tests help identify potential adulteration and ensure meat quali

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Explore the various liver diseases associated with diabetes, such as Glycogenic Hepatopathy, Diabetic Hepatosclerosis, and Hepatogenous Diabetes, along with their etiology, diagnosis, and management. Learn about rare conditions like Glycogenic Hepatopathy characterized by glycogen accumulation and h

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In meat processing, there is a risk of substituting lower quality meats for higher quality ones to deceive consumers. Differentiating between animal meats is crucial, especially in minced or sausage forms. Horseflesh, with its high glycogen content, presents a unique challenge. Methods for meat spec

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Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of multiple monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic linkages. Examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Starch, a major plant carbohydrate, consists of amylose and amylopectin. Amylose forms a linear structure, while amylopectin is highly b

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Dive into the world of macromolecules through visual aids and questions that cover topics such as glycogen storage, steroid structures, energy storage in plants, carbohydrate reactions, molecule matching, and nucleic acid bases.

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Delve into the world of biology and neuroscience with detailed images depicting mitosis, chromatids, equator, spindle fibres, diploid and haploid cells. Explore the journey from stem cells to tissues and organs, including the Central Nervous System (CNS) components like cerebellum, cerebrum, and med

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