Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are infections passed through sexual contact, impacting both men and women. Common STIs include Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, HPV, HIV, Genital Herpes, and Trichomoniasis. Testing is crucial for sexually active individuals, pregnant women, and high-risk group

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Immune deficiencies can be classified into primary hereditary disorders based on clinical presentations, including cell-mediated, antibody-mediated, non-specific, and complement activation deficiencies. Major clinical manifestations of immune disorders range from B-cell deficiencies to phagocytic ce

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Surgical prophylaxis involves administering antibiotics before contamination of previously sterile tissues to prevent infections. Common pathogens in surgical site infections include skin flora like S. aureus. Antimicrobial selection is based on the surgical procedure, likely pathogens, and safety c

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Infections of the vertebral discs in adults, or IDV, require prompt diagnosis and treatment based on the latest SPILF guidelines. Key aspects include the importance of disc biopsies if blood cultures are negative, assessing spinal stability by a spine specialist, and utilizing MRI for comprehensive

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Antibiotic use in urinary tract infections (UTIs) is crucial, but concerns exist due to rising resistance. E. coli, common in UTIs, can lead to resistant blood stream infections. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to combat antibiotic resistance and ensure patient recovery.

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Anaemia can result from various causes such as blood loss, increased destruction of red blood cells, and impaired production, often linked to infections and chronic diseases. Parasites, bacteria, and viruses play a role in the progression of anaemia, affecting the body's ability to produce and utili

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Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections present a significant challenge in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). These infections are caused by over 200 species of atypical mycobacteria found in various environments. The CF-ID Clinic plays a crucial role in managing patients with multi-drug re

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This study estimates the burden of serious fungal infections in Indonesia, a country with rich biodiversity and limited medical mycology facilities. The data indicates a high prevalence of opportunistic infections in AIDS patients and TB cases, with Candidiasis and Cryptococcosis being significant c

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Nosocomial infections are microbial diseases that affect patients during hospital stays, with sources including patients, healthcare workers, and hospital environments. Investigations involve isolating organisms and typing them for efficient management. Prevention strategies include sterilization, h

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Superficial fungal infections of the skin are categorized into superficial, cutaneous, and subcutaneous types. Superficial mycoses affect the stratum corneum and include conditions like tinea versicolor, tinea nigra, and piedra. Tinea versicolor is a chronic infection caused by Malassezia furfur, wh

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Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are a common issue, more prevalent in women, with causes ranging from poor hygiene to underlying health conditions. The content delves into the classification of UTIs, their main causes, and bacteria responsible for infections. It also covers the complications of UTIs

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Anaerobic bacterial infections are caused by bacteria that do not require oxygen for growth, posing challenges in diagnosis and treatment. This article delves into the types of anaerobic bacteria, their role in human infections, and common clinical presentations such as abscess formation. Gram-negat

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According to BIS Research, the Global Dental Infections Control Market was valued $1,215.3 million in 2022 and is expected to reach $2,445.4 million by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 6.59% during the forecast period 2023-2033.

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According to BIS Research Analyst, the Global Dental Infections Control Market was valued at $1,215.3 million in 2022 and is expected to reach $2,445.4 million by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 6.59% during the forecast period 2023-2033.

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Genitourinary Tract Infections and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are common conditions affecting both men and women. This article, presented by Prof. Dr. Mete Kılcıler from the Department of Urology at Bahçeşehir University School of Medicine, delves into the various aspects of UTIs, in

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Exploring the diverse ways viruses enter the body through various routes such as respiratory tract, oropharynx, skin, genitourinary tract, and eyes, shedding light on the steps of the virus life cycle shaping pathogenesis. Viral diseases result from the intricate interaction between viral and host f

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This learning module for clinicians discusses the physiology of bladder control, age-related changes in the genitourinary system, medications that contribute to urinary incontinence, pharmacological treatments for UI, side effects of medications used for UI, and a senior-friendly approach to optimiz

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Understanding the distinction between viral and bacterial upper respiratory tract infections is crucial for effective management and treatment. This article discusses key differences in symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches to aid in accurate differentiation between the two types of

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Explore the world of fungi and fungal infections in this foundation block of microbiology. Learn about medically important yeasts, mold fungi, major fungal diseases, antifungal agents, and infection acquisition methods. Dive into hypersensitivity reactions, mycotoxicoses, and various types of fungal

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Female reproductive system infections such as Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), Vaginitis, Cervicitis, Endometritis, and Salpingitis can lead to various symptoms and complications. These conditions are caused by different factors including infections, bacterial imbalances, and sexually transmitted

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Viral infections exhibit diverse cellular tropism based on receptor interactions, impacting cell function through modulation and potential host defense responses. Infections can lead to various outcomes, from cell death to persistent or latent states, with nuanced effects on cellular behavior. Diffe

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Protozoal infections, such as amebiasis, are a significant concern globally. In underdeveloped regions and beyond, these infections pose challenges due to inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices. Antiamebic drugs are essential for treating conditions like amebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolyti

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Antifungal drugs target ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi, disrupting cell membrane integrity. Imidazoles like miconazole and ketoconazole are commonly used for skin infections, while triazoles such as fluconazole treat systemic yeast infections. Allylamines inhibit ergosterol synthesis, with terbina

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Bladder tumours, particularly Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC), are the second most common cancer in the genitourinary system. Mainly caused by factors like cigarette smoking, industrial toxins, and genetic events, bladder cancer presents with symptoms such as hematuria and irritative voiding sympt

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These infections are significant global health issues affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Hookworm infection, a leading cause of iron-deficiency anemia, is prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Risk factors include poor sanitation and walking barefoot on contaminated soil. The bio

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Encouraging mobilization in older adults is crucial to counteract muscle loss and avoid negative health consequences associated with immobility. This module highlights the impacts of immobility, provides recommendations for mobilization based on frailty status, and offers ideas for promoting mobilit

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Explore the various stages of wound infections on a continuum from contamination to systemic infection. Learn how to identify and manage each stage, from presence of microbes to invasion of surrounding tissues. Discover the subtle signs of local and spreading infections, and the serious implications

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Host defense mechanisms safeguard the body from pathogens through various strategies such as intact skin, mucous membranes, nonspecific immune responses like phagocytic cells, and specific immune responses involving antibodies and lymphocytes. Key protective barriers include the skin, eyes, digestiv

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Puerperal sepsis and infections are serious conditions affecting women postpartum. Puerperal sepsis is characterized by specific symptoms, while puerperal infections are more general. Prevention includes antenatal care, strict intrapartum hygiene practices, and timely interventions. By following gui

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Anthelmintics are essential drugs to combat parasitic worm infections in animals. They work either by killing (vermicide) or expelling (vermifuge) the worms, reducing worm burdens and controlling infections. This comprehensive overview covers different aspects of anthelmintics, including their prope

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The normal microbial flora, also known as the indigenous microbiota, inhabit various areas of the human body such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, and skin. They play a crucial role in maintaining health and can re-establish themselves when disturbed. While resi

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Azole antifungal agents play a crucial role in treating fungal infections in veterinary medicine. Imidazoles like clotrimazole and triazoles like fluconazole are commonly used for their fungistatic properties. These agents inhibit fungal enzymes, disrupting membrane fluidity and inhibiting cell repl

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This lecture covers the classification of respiratory tract infections and the antibiotics commonly used to treat them. It highlights the types of infections caused by viruses and bacteria, along with their respective treatments. The mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics of antibiotics, such as p

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Urinary tract infections are common bacterial infections during pregnancy, with asymptomatic bacteriuria being prevalent. If left untreated, asymptomatic bacteriuria can lead to symptomatic infection, but proper treatment with antimicrobial agents can prevent complications. Treatment options include

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Infectious Diseases class focuses on various topics including Antibiotic Stewardship Practices, Community-Acquired Infections, Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria, Spirochetal Diseases, Diseases Caused by Bacterial and Viral Infections, HIV/AIDS, Fungal and Parasitic Infections. The class also

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Parasitic infections pose complex challenges to the immune system due to the diverse nature of parasites, including protozoans and helminths. Protozoan parasites move between arthropod vectors and mammalian hosts, requiring both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Meanwhile, helminths, as mu

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This protocol outlines the data collection form for the ECDC Point Prevalence Survey focusing on healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals during 2016-2017. The detailed form covers various aspects such as hospital information, infection control measures

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Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a significant concern in healthcare settings, with 25% of healthcare-associated infections being SSIs. They are preventable, but still pose challenges due to multifactorial causes. Risk factors include uncontrolled diabetes, obesity, smoking, and length of preoper

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Surveillance systems like HAI surveillance play a crucial role in monitoring and managing hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) by providing baseline rates, comparing data, and identifying problem areas. This system covers various types of infections such as CAUTI, CLABSI, VAE, and SSI, with specific

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The content discusses laboratory-acquired infections from 1930 to 2015 and highlights exposure routes such as facial mucous membranes, percutaneous, ingestion, inhalation, and non-traditional routes like eye and nasal cavity. It emphasizes the importance of biosafety practices, identifies GI pathoge

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