Pavement for Cities: A Detailed Business Plan by DLS-Construction GmbH

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This detailed business plan by Sascha Kindermann, Lothar Kunz, and Diana Hennings explores various aspects of pavement for cities, including calculations, advantages, disadvantages, financing, applications, and road construction. It covers the definition of pavement, its types, advantages like durability and easy repairs, and disadvantages such as higher construction costs and noise nuisance. The plan also delves into applications based on traffic volume and economic viability, offering insights into the construction process and key considerations for companies in this sector.

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Pavement for cities - DLS-Construction GmbH - A business plan by: Sascha Kindermann Lothar Kunz Diana Hennings

Contents Introduction: Calculations: - What is pavement? - Calculation of investment and depreciation costs - Advantages and disadvantages of pavement - Total investment and financing - Applications - Calculation of financing costs - Pavement for road construction - Labour costs - Distribution of population - Material and fuel costs - Cities traffic problem - Cost overview for 10 years - Location for the company 2

What is pavement? - Pavement is a sort of street covering. - There are different variants of pavements, concrete paver and natural stone paver. - Pavements were used commonly by the romans. Concrete pavement http://bausonderposten.de Natural stone pavement http://www.naturstein-wadewitz.de/naturstein 3

Advantages of pavement - Natural coverage for a warm atmosphere - Huge variety of forms, colours and structures - Constructed for a long-term periode - Resistent against erosion - Resilient colours - Steady against weather, oil, road salt a.s.o. - Easy reparations - (Rain)water permeability is possible (some municipalities subsidise this with lower fee for waste water) 4

Disadvantages of pavements - Higher noise nuisance than asphalt coverage - Higher construction costs http://www.lvz.de/var/storage/images/lvz/region/altenburg/scheppernde-laster-gehoeren-in-lehma-bald-der-vergangenheit-an/361541564-1-ger-DE/Scheppernde-Laster-gehoeren-in- Lehma-bald-der-Vergangenheit-an_pdaBigTeaser.jpg 5

Applications The advantages and disadvantages result in certain applications. The higher noise nuisance of the pavements are in a direct link to the traffic volume. In Germany the use of the streets are subdivided in classes. The use of pavements are economic with a class of BK3,2 or lower which are mostly streets with lower traffic. Construction class by RStO 01 Classes of liabilties Typical example Bk100 Bk32 Bk10 Bk3,2 Highways Industrial streets High business streets Connection streets SV I II III Bk1,8 Less travelled streets Bk1,0 Bk0,3 Residential streets Residential ways IV V und VI 6

Pavement for road construction Steps to build street pavement: - Excavating soil - Stacking up different street layers - Installing Drains and access lines - Inserting kerbs - Paving and densifying http://www.hunklinger-allortech.com/images/traegergeraete/Pflastermaschinen/Pflastermaschinen_I.7.jpg https://t3.ftcdn.net/jpg/00/45/08/62/240_F_450862 44_G7ketf8qkMlooUWkdwxyCpXeopKP5bgC.jpg 7

Pavement for road construction Street pavement consists of several layers. 8

Distribution of population More and more peoples are living in cities. The UN estimates that by 2050 almost 70% of the population will be living in cities (2010 almost 50%) 9 source: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN/DESA): World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision

Cities traffic problem with increasing population e.g. Carsharing in Hamburg: - One of the biggest problems is the increasing traffic volume. Some city planners have the goal to reduce the car traffic by using more public transport, car sharing and/or bycicles. - By reducing traffic the pavement as street alternative is going to be more attractive because noise nuisance will be reduced. The Advantages of pavement come to the fore. https://futurelabs.ece.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Carsharing_01.jpg 10

Location of the company The city of Aachen is a lucrative location. There there are less companies who offer constructions of pavements than in other cities of NRW. 11 http://www.stepmap.de/landkarte/nordrhein-westfalen-karte-18502.png http://www.gelbeseiten.de/branchenbuch/pflasterarbeiten/nordrhein-westfalen

Location of the company: Herzogenrath - Border triangle between Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium - Federal State NRW - Population: 46500 (1396 townfolks per km ) 12

Location of the company: Herzogenrath - Cheap land prices - Good connection to public transport - Good motorway connection: 10 km - Distance to : Heerlen (NL) 10 km Aachen 13 km L ttich (B) 63 km K ln 81 km D sseldorf 83,3 km 13

Calculation of investment and depreciation costs (part 1) Description Investment Depreciation Depreciation costs Plot /Land land (1200 m )/stockroom (500 m ) for 225 /m 0 270.000,00 0,00 Additional expenses -5% Tax and 3% other costs (notary, registration etc.) Sum purchase of land 21.600,00 291.600,00 Exterior installations Grading work Roads Foundations Outside lights Fence/Wall Drains Cables for power installation Sum of exterior installations 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0 Building Office Equipment* Locker Room* Common Room* Sum of building 1 1 1 4.400,00 2.400,00 4.750,00 11.550,00 4.400,00 2.400,00 4.750,00 11.550,00 14 *Every Part has a lower price than 410 , depreciation costs are determined only for the first year.

Calculation of investment and depreciation costs (part 2) Description Investment Depreciation Depreciation costs Machinery wheel loader mini excavator wheel excavator 16 t road coating unit diffuser plate 65/55 diffuser plate 37/60 Gasoline cutters extractor Petrol strippers Laser surveyor's optical level Sum Machinery 10 4.600,00 4.600,00 20.714,29 9.000,00 772,73 409,09 85,00 166,67 163,64 190,00 62,50 40.763,91 46.000,00 23.000,00 145.000,00 36.000,00 8.500,00 4.500,00 765,00 2.500,00 1.800,00 950,00 500,00 269.515,00 5 7 4 11 11 9 15 11 5 8 Vehicles Truck Transporter Car trailer Flat bed trailer Sum Vehicles 9 9 8 13.333,33 3.333,33 437,50 2.545,45 19.649,62 120.000,00 30.000,00 3.500,00 28.000,00 181.500,00 11 Workshop equipment Tools Spare parts Equipment camp Sum Workshop equipment 10.000,00 10.000,00 10.000,00 30.000,00 10 10 10 1.000,00 1.000,00 1.000,00 3.000,00 15

Calculation of investment and depreciation costs (part 3) Investment Depreciation years Depreciation costs 0 Sum purchase of land 291.600,00 0,00 50 Sum of exterior installations 0,00 0,00 1 Sum of building 11.550,00 11.550,00 Sum Machinery 269.515,00 40.763,91 Sum Vehicles 181.500,00 19.649,62 10 Sum Workshop equipment 30.000,00 3.000,00 16

Total investment and financing Investment expenditures Sum purchase of land 291.600,00 Sum of exterior installations 0,00 Sum of building Sum Machinery Sum Vehicles Sum Workshop equipment Reserve Foundation costs GmbH 11.550,00 269.515,00 181.500,00 30.000,00 90.835,00 25.000,00 Totals 900.000,00 Total investment 900.000,00 40,00% capital funds 360.000,00 60,00% outside financing (Bank) 10 years running time 540.000,00 7,00% Interest rate (%) 17

Calculation of financing costs Calculation of financing costs Balance of debt Interest rate (%) Interrest cost p.a. Refunding Bank Loan Payment to the Bank p.a. 7,00% 1. Year 540.000,00 37.800,00 54.000,00 91.800,00 7,00% 2.Year 486.000,00 34.020,00 54.000,00 88.020,00 7,00% 3.Year 432.000,00 30.240,00 54.000,00 84.240,00 7,00% 4.Year 378.000,00 26.460,00 54.000,00 80.460,00 7,00% 5.Year 324.000,00 22.680,00 54.000,00 76.680,00 7,00% 6.Year 270.000,00 18.900,00 54.000,00 72.900,00 7,00% 7.Year 216.000,00 15.120,00 54.000,00 69.120,00 7,00% 8.Year 162.000,00 11.340,00 54.000,00 65.340,00 7,00% 9.Year 108.000,00 7.560,00 54.000,00 61.560,00 7,00% 10.Year 54.000,00 3.780,00 54.000,00 57.780,00 Sum interest 207.900,00 Sum Repayment 540.000,00 18

Labour costs skilled worker structural engineer Salary brutto 2.500,00 5.000,00 Income tax Solidarity surcharge Church tax 18,00% 5,50% 8,00% 27,87% 1.393,50 5,50% 8,00% 450,00 24,75 36,00 76,64 111,48 Social insurance employees' share employers' share 243,75 62,50 175,00 Social insurance 19,50% 5,00% 14,00% employees' share employers' share Retirement pay Unemployment insurance Health insurance 19,50% 5,00% 14,00% 487,50 125,00 350,00 243,75 62,50 175,00 975,00 250,00 700,00 487,50 125,00 350,00 487,50 125,00 350,00 Salary net Employer pays 1.508,00 2.981,25 2.455,88 5.962,50 Labour cost structural engineer builder Paviour operator (excavator) administration incl Director General planning /monitoring 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 total of labour costs one shift per month total of labour costs one shift total of labour costs per year 38.756,25 1.937,81 465.075,00 19

Material and fuel costs cost calculation material + fuel 55 Construction of Pavement per shift [m ] (2 Workers) Construction of Pavement per h [m ] (2 Workers) Price o fuel 6,875 1,00 Description Antifreezing gravel Gravel Paver Paver sand Curbs Concrete KG pipes Soil disposal administration incl Director Gerneral consumption of fuel Mini excavator Excavator 16to Wheelloader Road coating unit Diffuser plate Sum per m pavement Sum for one shift Sum for one year (2000h/a) Price/unit 16,15 15,75 7,50 4,50 4,00 69,00 2,85 9,50 55,90 unit/m 0,30 0,25 1,00 0,04 1,00 0,08 3,00 0,65 0,10 h/m 0,58 0,58 0,58 1,16 0,58 57,93 3.186,35 796.588,48 total price/m 4,85 3,94 7,50 0,18 4,00 5,52 8,55 6,18 5,59 l/m 0,58 6,40 1,75 2,33 0,58 l/h 1,00 11,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 20

Cost overview for 10 years 1. Year 70,00% 9.625,00 2. Year 80,00% 11.000,00 3. Year 90,00% 12.375,00 4. Year 100,00% 13.750,00 5. Year 100,00% 13.750,00 6. Year 100,00% 13.750,00 7. Year 100,00% 13.750,00 8. Year 100,00% 13.750,00 9. Year 100,00% 13.750,00 10. Year 100,00% 13.750,00 Utilization of capacity (%) Road quantity (m ) costs 66.482,50 37.800,00 465.075,00 557.611,93 1.126.969,43 117,09 66.482,50 34.020,00 465.075,00 637.270,78 1.202.848,28 109,35 66.482,50 30.240,00 465.075,00 716.929,63 1.278.727,13 103,33 66.482,50 26.460,00 465.075,00 796.588,48 1.354.605,98 66.482,50 22.680,00 465.075,00 796.588,48 1.350.825,98 66.482,50 18.900,00 465.075,00 796.588,48 1.347.045,98 66.482,50 15.120,00 465.075,00 796.588,48 1.343.265,98 66.482,50 11.340,00 465.075,00 796.588,48 1.339.485,98 66.482,50 7.560,00 465.075,00 796.588,48 1.335.705,98 66.482,50 3.780,00 465.075,00 796.588,48 1.331.925,98 Deprecation costs Interrest costs Labour costs Consumptions costs Sum of costs Costs per m fixed price /m Output/ Road quantity (m ) Turnover/Revenue 98,52 115 98,24 115 97,97 115 97,69 115 97,42 115 97,14 115 96,87 115 115 115 115 9.625,00 11.000,00 1.265.000,00 12.375,00 1.423.125,00 13.750,00 1.581.250,00 1.581.250,00 1.581.250,00 1.581.250,00 1.581.250,00 1.581.250,00 1.581.250,00 Cash Flow Calculation 13.750,00 13.750,00 13.750,00 13.750,00 13.750,00 13.750,00 1.106.875,00 1.106.875,00 -66.482,50 -465.075,00 -557.611,93 -37.800,00 1.265.000,00 -66.482,50 -465.075,00 -637.270,78 -34.020,00 -20.094,43 42.057,29 16.822,91 25.234,37 1.423.125,00 -66.482,50 -465.075,00 -716.929,63 -30.240,00 1.581.250,00 -66.482,50 -465.075,00 -796.588,48 -26.460,00 1.581.250,00 -66.482,50 -465.075,00 -796.588,48 -22.680,00 1.581.250,00 -66.482,50 -465.075,00 -796.588,48 -18.900,00 1.581.250,00 -66.482,50 -465.075,00 -796.588,48 -15.120,00 1.581.250,00 -66.482,50 -465.075,00 -796.588,48 -11.340,00 1.581.250,00 -66.482,50 -465.075,00 -796.588,48 -7.560,00 1.581.250,00 -66.482,50 -465.075,00 -796.588,48 -3.780,00 Sales profits Depreciation costs Labour costs Consumptions costs Financing costs Loss carried forward Profit befor tax Tax 40% Profit after taxes -20.094,43 144.397,87 57.759,15 86.638,72 226.644,02 90.657,61 135.986,41 230.424,02 92.169,61 138.254,41 234.204,02 93.681,61 140.522,41 237.984,02 95.193,61 142.790,41 241.764,02 96.705,61 145.058,41 245.544,02 98.217,61 147.326,41 249.324,02 99.729,61 149.594,41 -20.094,43 46.388,07 54.000,00 91.716,87 54.000,00 153.121,22 54.000,00 202.468,91 54.000,00 36.000,00 81.986,41 204.736,91 54.000,00 23.950,00 84.254,41 207.004,91 54.000,00 209.272,91 54.000,00 145.000,00 88.790,41 211.540,91 54.000,00 4.000,00 91.058,41 213.808,91 54.000,00 150.765,00 93.326,41 216.076,91 54.000,00 Cash flow profit after tax+ depre. costs Repayment credit Re-investing Dividend -74.094,43 -28.765,63 32.638,72 86.522,41 95.594,41 Equity proftability Equity Interest mad on equity 360.000,00 360.000,00 360.000,00 360.000,00 360.000,00 360.000,00 360.000,00 360.000,00 360.000,00 360.000,00 -21% -8% 9% 23% 23% 24% 25% 25% 26% 27% Return on Investment 21 -74.094,43 -74.094,43 -28.765,63 -102.860,06 32.638,72 -70.221,34 81.986,41 11.765,07 84.254,41 96.019,49 86.522,41 182.541,90 88.790,41 271.332,32 91.058,41 362.390,73 93.326,41 455.717,14 95.594,41 551.311,56 Dividend cumulated dividend

Cost overview for 10 years Return on Investment 590,000.00 490,000.00 390,000.00 290,000.00 Epuity Cumulated dividend Dept to the bank Euro 190,000.00 90,000.00 ( 10,000.00) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ( 110,000.00) Years 22

Cost overview for 10 years Dividend 120,000.00 100,000.00 80,000.00 60,000.00 40,000.00 20,000.00 Euro 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (20,000.00) (40,000.00) (60,000.00) (80,000.00) (100,000.00) Years 23

Cost overview for 10 years Road quantity vs. costs per m 16,000.00 140.00 14,000.00 120.00 12,000.00 100.00 10,000.00 80.00 8,000.00 m Euro Road quantity m2 Cost per m2 60.00 6,000.00 40.00 4,000.00 20.00 2,000.00 0.00 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Year 24

Cost overview for 10 years Sum of costs vs. Turnover 1,800,000.00 1,600,000.00 1,400,000.00 1,200,000.00 1,000,000.00 Euro Sum of costs Turnover 800,000.00 600,000.00 400,000.00 200,000.00 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Years 25