ABO-Incompatible Heart Transplants: History, Rationale, and Outcomes
ABO-incompatible heart transplants have become a crucial option due to limited pediatric organ donors. The rationale behind such transplants includes the development of antibodies post-6 months. Despite detectable donor-specific isohemagglutinins, successful outcomes have been achieved. Current criteria prioritize clinical need over ABO incompatibility for donors under 1 year old. Studies show equivalent outcomes between ABO-compatible and incompatible transplants, with reduced infection rates in the latter.
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Transfusion Support in ABO-incompatible Heart Transplants Troy Hutchens Clinical Pathology ACE Blood Bank Nov 3rd, 2016
Outline Background in ABO-incompatible (ABOi) heart transplants History Rationale Current Policy Outcomes Management Guidelines for ABOi heart transplants Candidate selection and isohemagglutinin titers Isohemagglutinin depletion and monitoring Selection of transfused of blood products Examining transfusion protocols from other institutions
History of ABOi Heart Transplants Pediatric organ donors are in short supply and have decreased in the past two decades (improved pediatric critical care and/or public health/safety?) ABOi infant heart transplantation was pioneered at The Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto) in 1996 Increase donor utilization and decrease recipient wait times 2001-2008 7% of infant heart transplants were ABOi Henderson et al. (2012)
Initial ABOi Rationale Antibodies directed at ABO antigens do not develop until 6 months and continue to rise until 12-14 months Mechanism of tolerance is not dependent on lack of development of donor-specific isohemagglutinins Detectable titers of donor-specific isohemagglutinins are not a contraindication to ABOi heart transplant 27% of ABOi recipients develop donor-specific isohemagglutinins within 8 years Adults receiving ABOi heart transplants since 2005 have equivalent outcomes as those receiving ABOc heart transplants
Current ABOi Heart Transplant Listing Criteria Under 1 y/o donor hearts are allocated to recipients by clinical need regardless of ABOi Daly (2015)
ABOc and ABOi Heart Transplants Have Equivalent Outcomes Henderson et al. (2012)
ABOc and ABOi heart transplants have equivalent rates of rejection ABOi heart transplants have reduced rates of infection as compared to ABOc heart transplants Henderson et al. (2012)
All Transfusion-related Recommendations LEVEL C Very limited populations evaluated Only consensus opinion of experts, case studies or standard of care Class II b Recommendation's usefulness/efficacy less well established Only diverging expert opinion, case studies, or standard-of-care Recommendations Covered Candidate selection and isohemagglutinin titers Isohemagglutinin depletion Isohemagglutinin monitoring Transfusion of blood products Immunosuppression Chronic rejection monitoring Costanzo et al. (2010)
Examples and Outcomes Associated with Higher ABO Titers Pre-transplant Irving et al. (2012)
Table of Recommended Match of Blood Products I was unable to find any data or recommendations on obtaining titers on pRBC units for transfusion Costanzo et al. (2010)
Transfusion Support Protocols for ABOi Heart Transplant Recipients Institutions Columbia UCLA University of Michigan
Additional Pearls Rituximab can decrease new antibody production, however, memory plasma cells do not express CD20 which limits its efficacy in targeting established antibodies Heart transplant recipients as compared to other solid- organ transplant recipients are at highest risk for passenger lymphocyte syndrome (PLS) patient develops IgG antibodies from lymphocytes transplanted along with the graft post-transplant hemolysis occurs in 2-5% direct antiglobulin test becomes reactive 1-2 weeks after transplantation marked hemolysis and the antibodies typically persist for a few weeks
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