Understanding the Cardiovascular System: An Overview

 
Cardiovascular System
 
Cardiovascular System:
Introduction
 
Cardiovascular system:
 delivers oxygen and
nutrients to cells of body tissue
Heart 
(muscular pump)
Blood vessels
 (fuel line and transportation
network)
 
Blood Vessels and the
Circulation of Blood
 
Arteries
 are the vessels that 
lead away 
from
the heart.
Veins
 have thinner walls than arteries and
move 
deoxygenated blood toward the heart
from the tissues.
Capillaries
 are the smallest vessels. They form
the point of 
exchange for oxygen and
nutrients into body cells 
and waste products
coming from body cells.
 
Blood Vessels
 
Blood Circulation/Systemic
Circulation
 
Anatomy of the Heart
 
Tricuspid valve
 (cusps are flaps
of the valves): between the
right atrium 
and 
right ventricle
Pulmonary valve:
 between the
right ventricle 
and 
pulmonary
artery
Mitral valve:
 between the 
left
atrium 
and 
left ventricle
Aortic valve:
 between the 
left
atrium 
and 
aorta
 
Pathway of Blood
through the Heart
 
Heartbeat and Heart Sounds
 
Two phases of the heartbeat:
Diastole:
 
relaxation
Systole:
 
contraction
The diastole-systole cardiac cycle occurs between
70 to 80 times per minute (100,000 times per
day).
The heart pumps 3 ounces of blood with each
contraction. This means that about 5 quarts are
pumped per minute (75 gallons an hour and about
2000 gallons a day).
 
Heart Sounds
 
Closure of valves associated with sounds 
lubb-
dubb, lubb-dubb
lubb
: 
closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves
at the beginning of systole
dubb
: 
closure of the aortic and pulmonary
valves 
at the end of systole
murmur
: an 
abnormal heart sound caused by
improper valve closure
 
Conduction System of the Heart
 
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
: the 
pacemaker
 of the
heart
Pacemaker
: origin of electrical impulse causing
walls of the 
atria to contract and force blood
into the ventricles (ending diastole)
 
 Conduction System of the Heart
 
Atrioventricular 
node (AV node): This
sends the excitation wave to a bundle
of specialized fibers called the
atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of
His.
Bundle of His (pronounced 
hiss
):
Helps form conduction myofibers
that extend to ventricle walls and
stimulate them to contract, beginning
systole. A short rest period follows.
The pacemaker begins wave of
excitation again.
ECG or EKG 
(electrocardiogram): 
The
record used 
to detect electrical
changes in heart muscle as the heart
beats
.
 
Blood Pressure
 
Blood pressure:
 
The force
that blood exerts on arterial
walls
Expressed as a fraction:
    systolic pressure/
        diastolic pressure
Example: 120/80 mm Hg
Hypertension 
(high blood
pressure) 
: when BP >
140/90 mm Hg
 
Pathology:
the Heart and Blood Vessels
 
Heart
Arrhythmias (without normal heart rhythm)
Heart block (atrioventricular block)
Flutter
* 
Fibrillation
»
AF:  most common type of cardiac arrhythmia, 
Electrical
impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing atria
quiver instead of contracting a coordinated rhythm
.
»
VF:  Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the
ventricles
.  This life threatening situation may result in
sudden 
cardiac arrest  
or death.
 
Pathology:
the Heart and Blood Vessels
 
Heart
*Congenital heart disease (CHF)
:
 The heart is
unable to pump the required amount of blood
.
In the U.S., primarily the result of 
high blood
pressure
 and 
coronary artery disease 
(see next
slide)
Results in 
pulmonary edema (fluid build up in
lungs)
Fatal if untreated
 
Pathology:
the Heart and Blood Vessels
 
Coronary artery disease 
(CAD)
*
Atherosclerosis
- Deposition of fatty compounds of
inner lining of coronary arteries.
*Thrombotic occlusion:  
blockage of coronary artery
by clot.
*Ischemia- 
Blood flow is decreased or stopped
completely, leads to necrosis.
*Necrosis: 
Death of part of the myocardium.
*Infarction: 
heart attack, and area of necrosis is
known as infarct.
 
Pathology:
the Heart and Blood Vessels
 
 
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Surgical therapies for CAD
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
 
Pathology:
the Heart and Blood Vessels
 
*
Endocarditis
- inflammation of inner lining of
 
heart from bacteria.
*
Murmur- 
extra heart sound, heard between
normal beats.
*
Pericarditis:
  inflammation of membrane
(pericardium) surrounding the heart.  Usually
results from disease elsewhere in the body.
*
Aneurysm
- widening (dilation) of an arterial wall.
Danger is an aneurysm can rupture and
hemorrhage.
 
Pathology:  Heart and Blood Vessels
 
*
Raynaud disease- 
  recurrent episodes of pallor and
cyanosis primarily in fingers & toes.  Intense
constriction and vasospasms of arterioles often by
young/healthy women.  Idiopathic but triggered by;
cold temps, stress, or smoking.
*
Varicose veins-
  swollen/twisted veins caused by
damaged valves that fail to prevent the backflow of
blood.  Blood collects in veins which makes them
much larger in size.  Thrombosis can occur.
Hemorrhoids are varicose veins near anus.
 
Clinical Procedures: Treatment
 
Cardioversion (defibrillation)
*
Endartectomy
:  surgical removal of plaque from
inner layer of an artery.  Fatty deposits and
thromboses are removed to open clogged arteries.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lZItV39v_Q
circulation
Heart transplantation
Thrombolytic therapy
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
 
Clinical Procedures: Treatment
 
*Coronary artery bypass graft
(CABG) surgery
A,
 A section of a vein is removed
from the leg and 
anastomosed
 to a
coronary artery to bypass an area
of arteriosclerotic blockage.
B, 
An internal 
mammary artery is
grafted to a coronary artery 
to
bypass blockage.
 
://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Nf6Q2skGOM
 
Treatment Procedures
 
*Percutaneous coronary
intervention (PCI)
Includes:
angioplasty (PTCA),
stent placement
,
laser angioplasty,
and atherectomy
 
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7nghr9Tp
SU
Slide Note

Fill in the identified structures and mention their specific functions. Identify the major valves of the heart and important blood vessels.

Which of the four chambers has the thickest walls and why? (The left ventricle walls are three times the thickness of the right ventricle walls; it requires great force to pump blood throughout the body.)

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The cardiovascular system, comprising the heart and blood vessels, plays a vital role in delivering oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, veins transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart, and capillaries facilitate nutrient exchange. Learn about the anatomy of the heart, blood circulation, heartbeat phases, heart sounds, and the conduction system. Gain insights into the intricate network that sustains life through efficient oxygen and nutrient distribution.


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  1. Cardiovascular System

  2. Cardiovascular System: Introduction Cardiovascular system: delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells of body tissue Heart (muscular pump) Blood vessels (fuel line and transportation network)

  3. Blood Vessels and the Circulation of Blood Arteries are the vessels that lead away from the heart. Veins have thinner walls than arteries and move deoxygenated blood toward the heart from the tissues. Capillaries are the smallest vessels. They form the point of exchange for oxygen and nutrients into body cells and waste products coming from body cells.

  4. Blood Vessels

  5. Blood Circulation/Systemic Circulation

  6. Anatomy of the Heart Tricuspid valve (cusps are flaps of the valves): between the right atrium and right ventricle Pulmonary valve: between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery Mitral valve: between the left atrium and left ventricle Aortic valve: between the left atrium and aorta

  7. Pathway of Blood through the Heart

  8. Heartbeat and Heart Sounds Two phases of the heartbeat: Diastole: relaxation Systole: contraction The diastole-systole cardiac cycle occurs between 70 to 80 times per minute (100,000 times per day). The heart pumps 3 ounces of blood with each contraction. This means that about 5 quarts are pumped per minute (75 gallons an hour and about 2000 gallons a day).

  9. Heart Sounds Closure of valves associated with sounds lubb- dubb, lubb-dubb lubb: closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning of systole dubb: closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole murmur: an abnormal heart sound caused by improper valve closure

  10. Conduction System of the Heart Sinoatrial node (SA node): the pacemaker of the heart Pacemaker: origin of electrical impulse causing walls of the atria to contract and force blood into the ventricles (ending diastole)

  11. Conduction System of the Heart Atrioventricular node (AV node): This sends the excitation wave to a bundle of specialized fibers called the atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His. Bundle of His (pronounced hiss ): Helps form conduction myofibers that extend to ventricle walls and stimulate them to contract, beginning systole. A short rest period follows. The pacemaker begins wave of excitation again. ECG or EKG (electrocardiogram): The record used to detect electrical changes in heart muscle as the heart beats.

  12. Blood Pressure Blood pressure: The force that blood exerts on arterial walls Expressed as a fraction: systolic pressure/ diastolic pressure Example: 120/80 mm Hg Hypertension (high blood pressure) : when BP > 140/90 mm Hg

  13. Pathology: the Heart and Blood Vessels Heart Arrhythmias (without normal heart rhythm) Heart block (atrioventricular block) Flutter * Fibrillation AF: most common type of cardiac arrhythmia, Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing atria quiver instead of contracting a coordinated rhythm. VF: Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles. This life threatening situation may result in sudden cardiac arrest or death.

  14. Pathology: the Heart and Blood Vessels Heart *Congenital heart disease (CHF): The heart is unable to pump the required amount of blood. In the U.S., primarily the result of high blood pressure and coronary artery disease (see next slide) Results in pulmonary edema (fluid build up in lungs) Fatal if untreated

  15. Pathology: the Heart and Blood Vessels Coronary artery disease (CAD) *Atherosclerosis- Deposition of fatty compounds of inner lining of coronary arteries. *Thrombotic occlusion: blockage of coronary artery by clot. *Ischemia- Blood flow is decreased or stopped completely, leads to necrosis. *Necrosis: Death of part of the myocardium. *Infarction: heart attack, and area of necrosis is known as infarct.

  16. Pathology: the Heart and Blood Vessels Coronary artery disease (CAD) Surgical therapies for CAD Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

  17. Pathology: the Heart and Blood Vessels *Endocarditis- inflammation of inner lining of heart from bacteria. *Murmur- extra heart sound, heard between normal beats. *Pericarditis: inflammation of membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart. Usually results from disease elsewhere in the body. *Aneurysm- widening (dilation) of an arterial wall. Danger is an aneurysm can rupture and hemorrhage.

  18. Pathology: Heart and Blood Vessels *Raynaud disease- recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers & toes. Intense constriction and vasospasms of arterioles often by young/healthy women. Idiopathic but triggered by; cold temps, stress, or smoking. *Varicose veins- swollen/twisted veins caused by damaged valves that fail to prevent the backflow of blood. Blood collects in veins which makes them much larger in size. Thrombosis can occur. Hemorrhoids are varicose veins near anus.

  19. Clinical Procedures: Treatment Cardioversion (defibrillation) *Endartectomy: surgical removal of plaque from inner layer of an artery. Fatty deposits and thromboses are removed to open clogged arteries. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lZItV39v_Q circulation Heart transplantation Thrombolytic therapy Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

  20. Clinical Procedures: Treatment *Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery A, A section of a vein is removed from the leg and anastomosed to a coronary artery to bypass an area of arteriosclerotic blockage. B, An internal mammary artery is grafted to a coronary artery to bypass blockage. ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Nf6Q2skGOM

  21. Treatment Procedures *Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) Includes: angioplasty (PTCA), stent placement, laser angioplasty, and atherectomy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7nghr9Tp SU

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