European Voyages of Discovery: Motives and Achievements (80 characters)

 
Ch. 14 Europe and the World:
New Encounters 1500-1800
FQ:  Why did Europeans begin to embark on voyages of
discovery and expansion at the end of the fifteenth century?
 
God, glory and gold!
 
Religious zeal:  desire to 
“convert the heathen to Christianity”
Fantastic lands:  literature in the Middle Ages 
glorified adventure and
risk.
Economic motives:
 
-closing of overland trade routes by the Ottomans led to the
 
search for new areas of trade
 
-gold and silver mining
 
Maps
 
Navigation was based off of 
Ptolemy’s map
 found in his 2
nd
 century
work, the 
Geography
Arab geographers had it in the 8
th
 century.
Latin translation 
of the map wasn’t found in Europe until the 
15
th
century.
 
Ships & Sailing
 
New navigational techniques
 
-axial rudder (from China)
Mobile
 enough to sail against the wind and conduct warfare.
Used the Pole Star 
to measure their latitude.  Below the equator this
was useless.
Knowledge of 
wind patterns
 
Portugal and Spain
FQ:  How did Portugal and Spain acquire their
overseas empires, and how did their empires differ?
 
Portuguese
 
Started with the coast of 
Africa under Prince Henry the Navigator
(1394-1460) with the following motives:
 
-
find a Christian kingdom 
to ally against Muslims
 
-
trade opportunities
 
-
spread Christianity
Gold, ivory and slaves were shipped back to Lisbon.
 
Portuguese in India
 
Vasco De Gama 
was the first to round the 
Cape of Africa
Admiral Alfonso Albuquerque (1462-1515) established port facilities
at Goa and seized the city of Malacca, 
massacring the Arab
population.
Portuguese took control of the 
spice trade from the Muslim traders
with the help of superior 
fire power and seamanship
.
 
The Voyages of Columbus
 
Columbus (1451-1506)
 
-
Italian
 rejected by Portugal
 
-Persuaded 
Queen Isabella of Spain 
into financing the expedition
Reached the 
Bahamas
, 
Cuba
 and island of 
Hispanola
 
along with parts
of central America.
“America” – named after 
Amerigo Vespucci 
(Florentine explorer)
 
The Spanish Empire in the New World
 
 
 
 
 
 
European disease
Superior weapons 
(steel sword)/fire power
Rivalries
 among native peoples
 
Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest
by Matthew Restall
 
1.
A handful of 
Adventurers
 
The 
myth of exceptional men
 
Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica
 
Around 
300 C.E., the Yucatan peninsula 
was occupied by the Mayan
civilization.
 
-sophisticated 
calendar
, temples and pyramids
 
-most of 
Central America 
and 
southern Mexico
 
-collapsed for unknown reasons around 900 C.E.
 
 
 
Aztec Empire
 
Capital city of 
Tenochtitlan
 established between 
1325
 and 
1345
.
Advanced aqueduct systems helped develop growth of over 80,000
people from the Pacific to the Atlantic.
Collection of semi-independent territories 
governed by local lords.
 
Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
 
Between 1519 and 1522, 
Hernan Cortez 
landed in Veracruz (Gulf of
Mexico) and 
formed alliances with city-states 
that were tired of oppressive
rule of the Aztecs.
Aztec monarch, Moctezuma (
Montezuma
) believed Cortez was a God and
offered the foreigners gold along with his palace.
 Spanish were forced out after the first year.  However, Aztecs were
devastated by European disease
, leading to the Spanish gaining control
between 1531 and 1550.
 
The Inca
 
Late 14
th
 century 
– started as a small community in Cuzco (
southern
Peru 
– 10,000 ft. in altitude)
Empire was divided into four quarters, each ruled by a governor.  Each
province held around 
10,000 residents
.
Advanced network of 
mountainous roads 
– 24,800 miles
 
 
Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire
 
1530 – 
Pizzaro
 landed on the Pacific coast of South America with
about 180 men with 
steal weapons, gun powder, and horses.
Small pox killed the emperor which led to 
civil war.
1535 – 
With the help of their Incan allies
, Pizarro established the new
capital in Lima.
 
Administration of the Spanish Empire
 
encomienda
 – permitted the Spaniards to 
collect
 
tribute
 from
indigenous populations and use them as 
labor
.
Viceroy – 
leader of the province
.
audiencias
 – advisory groups or 
supreme judicial bodies
.
 
Disease and Religion
 
Mass conversion of the native population brought
organization and institutions of Catholicism to the Americas.
High mortality rates among the native population from
European disease.  Spaniards turned to Africa for labor as a
result.
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Europeans embarked on voyages seeking God, glory, and gold at the end of the 15th century. Portugal and Spain acquired overseas empires through exploration, trade, and religious zeal, leading to the discovery of new lands and the establishment of global trade routes. Key figures like Prince Henry the Navigator, Vasco da Gama, and Columbus played significant roles in these historical voyages, shaping the course of world history. (324 characters)


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  1. Ch. 14 Europe and the World: New Encounters 1500-1800 FQ: Why did Europeans begin to embark on voyages of discovery and expansion at the end of the fifteenth century?

  2. God, glory and gold! Religious zeal: desire to convert the heathen to Christianity Fantastic lands: literature in the Middle Ages glorified adventure and risk. Economic motives: -closing of overland trade routes by the Ottomans led to the search for new areas of trade -gold and silver mining

  3. Maps Navigation was based off of Ptolemy s map found in his 2ndcentury work, the Geography Arab geographers had it in the 8thcentury. Latin translation of the map wasn t found in Europe until the 15th century.

  4. Ships & Sailing New navigational techniques -axial rudder (from China) Mobile enough to sail against the wind and conduct warfare. Used the Pole Star to measure their latitude. Below the equator this was useless. Knowledge of wind patterns

  5. Portugal and Spain FQ: How did Portugal and Spain acquire their overseas empires, and how did their empires differ?

  6. Portuguese Started with the coast of Africa under Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) with the following motives: -find a Christian kingdom to ally against Muslims -trade opportunities -spread Christianity Gold, ivory and slaves were shipped back to Lisbon.

  7. Portuguese in India Vasco De Gama was the first to round the Cape of Africa Admiral Alfonso Albuquerque (1462-1515) established port facilities at Goa and seized the city of Malacca, massacring the Arab population. Portuguese took control of the spice trade from the Muslim traders with the help of superior fire power and seamanship.

  8. The Voyages of Columbus Columbus (1451-1506) -Italian rejected by Portugal -Persuaded Queen Isabella of Spain into financing the expedition Reached the Bahamas, Cuba and island of Hispanola along with parts of central America. America named after Amerigo Vespucci (Florentine explorer)

  9. The Spanish Empire in the New World European disease Superior weapons (steel sword)/fire power Rivalries among native peoples

  10. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest by Matthew Restall 1. A handful of Adventurers The myth of exceptional men

  11. Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica Around 300 C.E., the Yucatan peninsula was occupied by the Mayan civilization. -sophisticated calendar, temples and pyramids -most of Central America and southern Mexico -collapsed for unknown reasons around 900 C.E.

  12. Aztec Empire Capital city of Tenochtitlan established between 1325 and 1345. Advanced aqueduct systems helped develop growth of over 80,000 people from the Pacific to the Atlantic. Collection of semi-independent territories governed by local lords.

  13. Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Between 1519 and 1522, Hernan Cortez landed in Veracruz (Gulf of Mexico) and formed alliances with city-states that were tired of oppressive rule of the Aztecs. Aztec monarch, Moctezuma (Montezuma) believed Cortez was a God and offered the foreigners gold along with his palace. Spanish were forced out after the first year. However, Aztecs were devastated by European disease, leading to the Spanish gaining control between 1531 and 1550.

  14. The Inca Late 14thcentury started as a small community in Cuzco (southern Peru 10,000 ft. in altitude) Empire was divided into four quarters, each ruled by a governor. Each province held around 10,000 residents. Advanced network of mountainous roads 24,800 miles

  15. Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire 1530 Pizzaro landed on the Pacific coast of South America with about 180 men with steal weapons, gun powder, and horses. Small pox killed the emperor which led to civil war. 1535 With the help of their Incan allies, Pizarro established the new capital in Lima.

  16. Administration of the Spanish Empire encomienda permitted the Spaniards to collect tribute from indigenous populations and use them as labor. Viceroy leader of the province. audiencias advisory groups or supreme judicial bodies.

  17. Disease and Religion Mass conversion of the native population brought organization and institutions of Catholicism to the Americas. High mortality rates among the native population from European disease. Spaniards turned to Africa for labor as a result.

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