Understanding the Basics of BIOS in Computers

 
 
A device that computes, especially
a programmable electronic
machine that performs high-speed
mathematical or logical operations
or that assembles, stores, correlates,
or otherwise processes information or
one who computes. Computer is a
machine for manipulating data
according to a list of instructions.
 
A computer takes many physical forms.
Early electronic computers were the size
of a large room, consuming as much
power as several hundred modern
personal computers. Today, computers
can be made small enough to fit into a
wrist watch and be powered from a
watch battery. Society has come to
recognize personal computers and their
portable equivalent, the laptop
computer, as icons of the information
age; they are what most people think of
as "a computer".
 
block diagram of a digital computer
 
block diagram of a digital computer
 
block diagram of a digital computer
 
block diagram of a digital computer
 
Inside every PC there is BIOS,
which stands for Basic Input
Output System.  In a nutshell,
BIOS is software that interacts
between a computer’s hardware
and the operating system and
software applications.
 
There are several types of
BIOS', ranging from the
motherboard ROM BIOS to
adapter BIOS' such as video
BIOS, drive controller BIOS,
network adapter BIOS, SCSI
adapter BIOS, etc...
 
These BIOS' are the lowest level of
software in a computer providing a
set of small programs or software
routines that allow the hardware of
a computer to interact with the
operating system by a set of
standard calls.
 
I hope to provide a thorough
understanding of how the BIOS works
and leave you with a better
understanding of its interworking.
 
At the same time, I hope to show how
complex BIOS is in relation to its
relationship with the operating
system and the software applications
you use every day.
 
The Basic Input Output
System, usually referred to
as BIOS, is software stored
on a small memory chip on
the motherboard
BIOS is sometimes incorrectly
referred to as the Basic
Integrated Operating System.
 
BIOS instructs the computer on how
to perform a number of basic
functions such as POST (power on
self test) , booting and
keyboard control.
BIOS is also used to identify and
configure the hardware in a computer
such as the hard drive, floppy drive
, optical drive, CPU, memory etc.
 
 
BIOS software is stored on
a non-volatile ROM chip on
the motherboard. It is
specifically designed to
work with each particular
model of computer,
interfacing with various
devices that make up the
complementary chipset of the
system.
 
 
 
 
  
The Basic Input/output System
(BIOS), also known as the system
BIOS or ROM BIOS defining a
firmware interface (only once
programmed at the manufacturing
time).
  
The fundamental purposes of the
BIOS is to initialize and test the
system hardware components, and to
load an operating system or other
program from a mass memory device.
 
If the necessary hardware is detected
and found to be operating properly,
the computer begins to 
Boot
. If the
hardware is not detected or is found
not to be operating properly, the BIOS
issue an error message which may be
text on the display screen and/or a
series of coded beeps, depending on
the nature of the problem. Since POST
runs before the computer's video card
is activated, it may not be possible
to progress to the display screen. The
pattern of beeps may be a variable
numbers of short beeps or a mixture of
long and short beeps, depending on
what type of BIOS is installed.
 
The patterns of beeps contain
messages about the nature of the
problem detected. For example, if
the keyboard is not detected, a
particular pattern of beeps will
inform you of that fact. An error
found in the POST is usually fatal
(that is, it causes current program
to stop running) and will halt the
boot process, since the hardware
checked is absolutely essential for
the computer's functions.
 
 
In modern computer systems, the BIOS
contents are stored on an EEPROM Chip
so that the contents can be rewritten
without removing the chip from the
motherboard. This allows BIOS software
to be easily upgraded to add new
features.
 
EEPROM (
electrically erasable programmable
ROM)
A type of programmable read-only
memory (ROM) that can be erased or
updated using electrical signals, a
process often performed remotely.
 
All modern computer motherboards
contain BIOS software.
BIOS access and configuration on PC
systems is independent of any operating
system because the BIOS is part of the
motherboard hardware.
It doesn't matter if a computer is running
Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP,
Linux, UNIX, or no operating system at all -
BIOS functions outside of the operating
system environment and is no way
dependent upon it.
 
Power is applied to the computer
Bootstrap
POST 
( power on self test)
Booting
Looking for the Operating System
 
When power is applied to the
system and all output voltages
from the power supply are good,
the power supply will generate a
power good signal which is
received by the motherboard
timer.  When the timer receives
this signal, it stops forcing a
reset signal to the CPU and the
CPU begins processing
instructions.
 
The very first instruction performed
by a CPU is to read the contents of a
specific memory address that is pre-
programmed into the CPU.
The code that the processor reads is
actually a jump command (JMP) telling
the processor where to go in memory
to read the BIOS ROM
 
Abbreviated as POST, the Power
on Self Test is the initial
set of diagnostic tests
performed by the computer when
powered on.
Tests that fail are relayed to
the user via the use of POST
Codes ,Beep Codes or on-screen
POST error messages
immediately after the computer
powers on.
 
The POST is handled by the
system's BIOS.
When power is turned on, POST
(Power-On Self-Test) is the
diagnostic testing sequence that
a computer's basic input / output
system (or "starting program") runs
to determine if the computer
keyboard, random access
memory, disk drives, and other
hardware are working correctly.
 
Restarting a Computer or its operating
system software. It is of two types
1.
Cold booting: when the computer is
started after having been switched off.
2.
Warm booting: when the
operating 
system
 alone is restarted
(without being switched off) after a
system 
crash
 or '
freeze
.‘
 
Booting
 
Both types of booting clear out
(for the time being) the 
bugs
,
bombs, 
memory
 
conflicts
, and
other idiosyncrasies of the
operating system.
The term boot is used to describe the
process taken by the computer when
turned on, that loads the operating
system and prepares the system for
use.
The first part of the boot process is
controlled by BIOS and begins after
the POST.
Eventually, BIOS hands the boot
process over to the master boot code
.
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BIOS (Basic Input Output System) is a crucial piece of software that serves as an intermediary between a computer's hardware and the operating system. It plays a fundamental role in facilitating communication and interaction between the hardware components and software applications. This article delves into the significance of BIOS, its various types such as motherboard ROM BIOS and adapter BIOS, and how it enables the hardware to interact with the operating system through standardized routines. Gain a comprehensive understanding of BIOS and its intricate relationship with the computer system.


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  1. Introduction to BIOS Prof. Shamim Ahmad Hakim Deptt. of Computer Science Government Degree College Kulgam J&K-192231 (Class:- 1st Semester)

  2. Computer A device that computes, especially a programmable machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information or one who computes. Computer is a machine for manipulating according to a list of instructions. electronic data

  3. A computer takes many physical forms. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers. Today, computers can be made small enough to fit into a wrist watch and be powered from a watch battery. Society has come to recognize personal computers and their portable equivalent, computer, as icons of the information age; they are what most people think of as "a computer". the laptop

  4. block diagram of a digital computer block diagram of a digital computer block diagram of a digital computer block diagram of a digital computer

  5. Inside every PC there is BIOS, which stands for Basic Input Output System. In a nutshell, BIOS is software that interacts between a computer s hardware and the operating system and software applications.

  6. There are several types of BIOS', ranging from the motherboard ROM BIOS to adapter BIOS' such as video BIOS, drive controller BIOS, network adapter BIOS, SCSI adapter BIOS, etc...

  7. These BIOS' are the lowest level of software in a computer providing a set of small programs or software routines that allow the hardware of a computer to interact with the operating system by a set of standard calls.

  8. I hope to provide a thorough understanding of how the BIOS works and leave you with a better understanding of its interworking. At the same time, I hope to show how complex BIOS is in relation to its relationship with the operating system and the software applications you use every day.

  9. BIOS The System, usually referred to as BIOS, is software stored on a small memory chip on the motherboard BIOS is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Basic Integrated Operating System. Basic Input Output

  10. What is the BIOS Used For? BIOS instructs the computer on how to perform a functions such as self test) , keyboard control. number POST (power on booting of basic and BIOS is also used to identify and configure the hardware in a computer such as the hard drive, floppy drive , optical drive, CPU, memory etc.

  11. BIOS software is stored on a non-volatile ROM chip on the motherboard. specifically work with each particular model of interfacing with devices that make up the complementary chipset of the system. It is to designed computer, various

  12. The Basic Input/output System (BIOS), also known as the system BIOS or ROM BIOS defining a firmware interface programmed at the manufacturing time). The fundamental purposes of the BIOS is to initialize and test the system hardware components, and to load an operating system or other program from a mass memory device. (only once

  13. If the necessary hardware is detected and found to be operating properly, the computer begins to Boot. If the hardware is not detected or is found not to be operating properly, the BIOS issue an error message which may be text on the display screen and/or a series of coded beeps, depending on the nature of the problem. Since POST runs before the computer's video card is activated, it may not be possible to progress to the display screen. The pattern of beeps may be a variable numbers of short beeps or a mixture of long and short beeps, depending on what type of BIOS is installed.

  14. The messages about the nature of the problem detected. For example, if the keyboard is not detected, a particular pattern of beeps will inform you of that fact. An error found in the POST is usually fatal (that is, it causes current program to stop running) and will halt the boot process, since the hardware checked is absolutely essential for the computer's functions. patterns of beeps contain

  15. In modern computer systems, the BIOS contents are stored on an EEPROM Chip so that the contents can be rewritten without removing the chip from the motherboard. This allows BIOS software to be easily upgraded to add new features. EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable ROM) A type of programmable memory (ROM) that can be erased or updated using electrical signals, a process often performed remotely. read-only

  16. BIOS Availability modern computer contain BIOS software. BIOS access and configuration on PC systems is independent of any operating system because the BIOS is part of the motherboard hardware. It doesn't matter if a computer is running Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Linux, UNIX, or no operating system at all - BIOS functions outside of the operating system environment dependent upon it. All motherboards and is no way

  17. Here is basic functions of what is happening Power is applied to the computer Bootstrap POST ( power on self test) Booting Looking for the Operating System

  18. Power is applied to the computer When power is applied to the system and all output voltages from the power supply are good, the power supply will generate a power good signal received by timer. When the timer receives this signal, it stops forcing a reset signal to the CPU and the CPU begins instructions. which motherboard is the processing

  19. Bootstrap The very first instruction performed by a CPU is to read the contents of a specific memory address that is pre- programmed into the CPU. The code that the processor reads is actually a jump command (JMP) telling the processor where to go in memory to read the BIOS ROM

  20. POST Abbreviated as POST, the Power on Self Test is the initial set of diagnostic performed by the computer when powered on. Tests that fail are relayed to the user via the use of POST Codes ,Beep Codes or on-screen POST error immediately after the computer powers on. tests messages

  21. The POST is handled by the system's BIOS. When power is turned on, POST (Power-On Self-Test) diagnostic testing sequence that a computer's basic input / output system (or "starting program") runs to determine if the computer keyboard, random memory, disk drives, and other hardware are working correctly. is the access

  22. Booting Restarting a Computer or its operating system software. It is of two types 1. Cold booting: when the computer is started after having been switched off. 2. Warm booting: operating system (without being switched off) after a system crash or 'freeze. when the alone is restarted

  23. Both types of booting clear out (for the time being) the bombs, memory other idiosyncrasies operating system. The term boot is used to describe the process taken by the computer when turned on, that loads the operating system and prepares the system for use. The first part of the boot process is controlled by BIOS and begins after the POST. Eventually, BIOS hands the boot process over to the master boot code. bugs, and the conflicts, of

  24. Thanks

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