Understanding Carbohydrates: The Essential Biomolecules in Nature
Biomolecules are vital molecules found in all living organisms, primarily composed of carbon along with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Carbohydrates, the most abundant organic molecules in nature, are important sources of energy and serve as structural precursors for various compounds. They exist in complex and simple forms, such as starch and glucose, and are classified based on the number of carbon atoms and functional groups present in monosaccharides. Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates containing 2-9 monosaccharide units bonded by glycosidic linkages.
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INTRODUCTION OF BIOMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES
Biomolecule is the molecule that is present in all living organisms, involved in the maintenance and metabolic process 6 All Biomolecule contain CARBON C 12 Carbon is the most versatile and prominent element of life Other elements HYDROGEN(H) OXYGEN(O) NITROGEN (N) SULPHUR (S) SODIUM (Na) CALCIUM (Ca) MAGNESIUM (Mg)
BIOMOLECULES BIOMOLECULES ORGANIC INORGANIC These are very large molecules of many ATOMS covalently bonded CARBOHTDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLIC ACIDS ENZYMES VITAMINS ENERGY is stored in the COVALENT BONDS. When we eat ,we get ENERGY to lives because chemical reactions within our bodies break these bonds
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
CARBOHYDRATES THE MOST ABUNDANT ORGANIC MOLECULES IN NATURE HYDRATE DE CARBON i.e. HYDRATE OF CARBON or Cn(H2O)n Main source of ENERGY Provide some STRUCTUR PRECURSORs of many organic compounds FATS, AMINO ACIDS STORAGE FORM of ENERGY (Glycogen Animals) (Starch Plants)
CARBOHYDRATES COMPLEX SIMPLE POLYSACCHARIDE STARCH, MONOSACCHARIDE GLUCOSE, OLIGOSACCHARIDE RAFFINOSE DISACCHARIDE MALTOSE, SUCROSE, LACTOSE GLYCOGEN, FRUCTOSE, CELLULOSE, STACHYOSE GALACTOSE DEXTRIN
MONOSACCHARIDES BASED ON No OF C ATOMS BASED ON FNCTIONAL GROUP TRIOSES (C3H6O3) GLYCERALDEHYDE, ALDOSE-GLECEALDEHY, DIHYDROXYACETONE GLUCOSE TETROSE (C4H8O4) ERYTHROSE, THREOSE PENTOSE (C5H10O5) RIBULOSE, ARABINOSE HEXOSES (C6H12O6) GLUCOSE, KETOSE DIHYDROXYACETONE, FRUCTOSE, FRUCTOSE GALACTOSE HEPTOSES (C7H14O7) GLUCOHEPTOSE SO ON
SOME STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDE GLYCERALDEHYDE DIHYDROXYACETONE ERYTHROSE RIBULOSE GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE GALACTOSE
OLIGOSACCHARIDES CARBOHYDRATES THAT CONTAINS 2-9 MONOSACCHARIDE UNITS CONNECTED BY GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE. DISACCHARIDES : 2 MONOSACCHARIDE UNITS ( SIMILAR OR DISSIMILAR ) CRYSTALLINE, WATER SOLUBLE, SWEET IN TASTE MALTOSE : MALT SUGAR , SUCROSE : CANE SUGAR LACTOSE : MILK SUGAR
TRISACCHARIDES TETRASACCHARIDES RAFFINOSE THE SMALLEST AND THE COMMONEST OLIGOSACCHARIDES ARE DISACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES KNOWN AS GLYCANS REPEATING MONOSACCHARIDE UNITS CONNECTED BY GLYCOSIDIC BONDS ALMOST INSOLUBLE NOT SWEET IDEAL STORAGE AND STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 2 TYPES a) HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES ( ONLY ONE TYPE OF MONOSACCHARIDE (CONDENSATION OF 2 OR MORE TYPES MONOMERS ) OF MONOSACCHARIDES) STARCH, GLYCOGEN, CELLULOSE PEPTIDOGLYCAN, HYALURONIC ACID, AGAR, CHITIN b) HETAROPOLYSACCHARIDES
STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES STRACH= AMYLOSE + AMYLOPECTIN CARBOHYDRATE RESERVE OF PLANTS IMPORTANT DIETARY SOURCE FOR ANIMAL HOOPOLYMER OF GLUCOSE : GLUCAN GLYCOGEN CARBOHYDRATE RESERVE IN ANIMAL : ANIMAL STRACH HIGH CONCENTRATION IN LIVER, MUSCLE , BRAIN MADE UP OF GLUCOSE UNIT
INULIN POLYMER OF FRUCTOSE : FRUCTOSAN FOUND IN DAHLIA, GARLIC, ONION etc NOT REDAILY METABOLISED IN HUMAN BODY READILY FILTERED THROUHG THE KIDNEY; USED FOR KIDNEY FUNCTION TEST
STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES CELLULOSE MOST ABUNDANT ORGANIC SUBSTANCE IN PLANT KINGDOM PREDOMINANT CONSTITUENT OF PLANT CELL WALL TOTALLY ABSENT IN ANIMALS CHITIN SECOND MOST ABUNDANT ORGANIC SUBSTANCE COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATE OF HETAROPOLYSACCHARIDE FOUND IN INSECTS ,PROVIDE STRENTH AND ELASTICITY
