Tibbles in R Programming
Tibbles
Tibbles are data frames, but they tweak some older behaviours to make life a little easier
Most other R packages use regular data frames, so you might want to coerce a data frame to a
tibble. You can do that with
as_tibble()
>
as_tibble(iris)
Tibbles
Tibbles have a refined print method that shows only the first 10 rows, and all the columns that
fit on screen. This makes it much easier to work with large data. In addition to its name, each
column reports its type
>iris
> as_tibble(iris)
These describe the type of each variable:
•
int
stands for integers.
•
dbl
stands for doubles, or real numbers.
•
chr
stands for character vectors, or strings.
•
dttm
stands for date-times (a date + a time).
•
lgl
stands for logical, vectors that contain only TRUE or FALSE .
•
fctr
stands for factors
•
date
stands for dates.
Tibbles
You can create a new tibble from individual vectors with tibble(). tibble() will automatically
recycle inputs of length 1, you can refer to columns that you’ve just created.
>
tibble(
x = 1:5,
y = 1,
z = x ^ 2 + y
)
>data.frame(x = 1:5,y = 1,z = x ^ 2 + y)
Error in data.frame(x = 1:5, y = 1, z = x^2 + y) : object 'x' not found
Tibbles
It’s possible for a tibble to have column names that are not valid R variable names, aka
non-syntactic names. For example, they might not start with a letter, or they might contain
unusual characters like a space. To refer to these variables, you need to surround them
with backticks, `
>
tb <- tibble(
`:)` = "smile",
` ` = "space",
`2000` = "number"
)
Tribbles
Another way to create a tibble is with
tribble()
, short for transposed tibble. tribble() is
customised for data entry in code: column headings are defined by formulas (i.e. they start
with ~ ), and entries are separated by commas. This makes it possible to lay out small amounts
of data in easy to read form.
>
tribble(
~x, ~y, ~z,
#--|--|----
"a", 2, 3.6,
"b", 1, 8.5
)
>
tb <- t
r
ibble(
~ `:)`
,
~ ` `
,
~ `2000`
,
"smile","space","number"
)
Tribbles
If you want to pull out a single variable, $ and [[ . [[ can extract by name or position; $ only
extracts by name but is a little less typing.
>
tb<-
tibble(
x = 1:5,
y = 1,
z = x ^ 2 + y
)
> tb$x
>tb[[2]]
>tb[[“z”]]
E
s
e
r
c
i
z
i
1.
Caricare gli oggetti creati dall’esercizio sui data frame.
2.
C
r
e
a
r
e
u
n
o
g
g
e
t
t
o
T
i
b
b
l
e
d
a
l
d
a
t
a
f
r
a
m
e
D
m
e
s
i
.
3.
Caricare l’oggetto iris e indicarne in una variabile iris_class la classe
4.
Caricare l’oggetto iris3 e indicarne in una variabile iris_class la classe
5.
Creare un oggetto tible di nome t_iris dall’oggetto iris
6.
Creare un oggetto tible di nome t_iris3 dall’oggetto iris3
7.
Confronta i seguenti comandi eseguiti su un data frame e su un tibble
•
df <- data.frame(abc = 1, xyz = "a")
•
df$x
•
df[, "xyz"]
•
df[, c("abc", "xyz")]dplyr package
dplyr has three main goals:
•
Identify the most important data manipulation verbs and
make them easy to use from R.
•
Provide fast performance for in-memory data by writing
key pieces in C++ (using Rcpp)
•
Use the same interface to work with data no matter
where it's stored, whether in a data frame, a data table or
database.
dplyr package
the five key dplyr functions that allow you to solve the vast majority of
your data manipulation
•
Pick observations by their values (
filter()
).
•
Reorder the rows (
arrange()
).
•
Pick variables by their names (
select()
).
•
Create new variables with functions of existing variables (
mutate()
).
•
Collapse many values down to a single summary (
summarise()
).
These can all be used in conjunction with
group_by()
which changes the
scope of each function from operating on the entire dataset to
operating on it group-by-group.
Filter rows with filter()
filter() allows you to subset observations based on their values. The first
argument is the name of the data frame. The second and subsequent
arguments are the expressions that filter the data frame.
>library(nycflights13)
>dim(flights)
>filter(flights, month == 1)
Filter rows with filter()
Multiple arguments to filter() are combined with “and”: every
expression must be true in order for a row to be included in the output.
>library(nycflights13)
>dim(flights)
>filter(flights, month == 12, day == 25)
> filter(flights, month == 11 | month == 12)
Filter rows with filter()
For other types of combinations, you’ll need to use Boolean operators
Filter rows with filter()
Between() is a shortcut for x >= left & x <= right, implemented efficiently
in C++ for local values, and translated to the appropriate SQL for remote
tables.
>library(nycflights13)
>dim(flights)
> flights [between(flights$arr_delay,120,180),]
Arrange rows with arrange()
arrange() works similarly to filter() except that instead of selecting rows,
it changes their order. Use desc() to re-order by a column in descending
order
>library(nycflights13)
>arrange(flights, arr_delay)
>arrange(flights, desc(arr_delay))
Select columns with select()
select() allows you to rapidly zoom in on a useful subset
•
select(flights, year, month, day)
There are a number of helper functions you can use within select() :
starts_with
("abc") : matches names that begin with “abc”.ends_with
("xyz") : matches names that end with “xyz”.contains
("ijk") : matches names that contain “ijk”.matches
("(.)\\1") : selects variables that match a regular expression..Select columns with select()
rename() can be used to rename variables while keeps all the variables
that aren’t explicitly mentioned
rename(flights, tail_num = tailnum)
Add new variables with mutate()
Besides selecting sets of existing columns, it’s often useful to add new
columns that are functions of existing columns. That’s the job of
mutate() . mutate() always adds new columns at the end of your dataset
>mutate(flights,
gain = arr_delay - dep_delay,
speed = distance / air_time * 60
)
Add new variables with mutate()
Besides selecting sets of existing columns, it’s often useful to add new
columns that are functions of existing columns. That’s the job of
mutate() . mutate() always adds new columns at the end of your dataset
>mutate(flights,
gain = arr_delay - dep_delay,
speed = distance / air_time * 60)
If you only want to keep the new variables, use transmute()
>transmute(flights,
gain = arr_delay - dep_delay,
speed = distance / air_time * 60)
Grouped summaries with summarise()
summarise() . It collapses a data frame to a single row:
>summarise(flights, delay = mean(dep_delay, na.rm = TRUE))
summarise() is not useful unless we pair it with group_by() . This
changes the unit of analysis from the complete dataset to individual
groups.
magrittr forward-pipe operator
provides a new “pipe”-like operator,
%>%
, with which you may pipe a value forward into an
expression or function call; it semantically changes your code in a way that makes it more
intuitive to both read and write.
•
By default the left-hand side (LHS) will be
piped in
as the first argument of the function
appearing on the right-hand side (RHS).
•
%>% may be used in a nested fashion, e.g. it may appear in expressions within arguments.
•
When the LHS is needed at a position other than the first, one can use the dot,'.', as
placeholder.
•
The dot in e.g. a formula is
not
confused with a placeholder, which is utilized in
the aggregate expression.
•
Whenever only
one
argument is needed, the LHS, then one can omit the empty parentheses.
•
A pipeline with a dot (.) as LHS will create a unary function.
Tibbles are a modern way to work with data frames in R, offering enhanced functionality and ease of use. Learn how to coerce regular data frames to tibbles, their refined printing method, creating tibbles from individual vectors, handling non-syntactic column names, and using tribble for data entry. Explore extracting variables and various operations with tibbles. Enhance your data manipulation skills with tibbles in R.
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Presentation Transcript
Tibbles Tibbles are data frames, but they tweak some older behaviours to make life a little easier Most other R packages use regular data frames, so you might want to coerce a data frame to a tibble. You can do that with as_tibble() >as_tibble(iris)
Tibbles Tibbles have a refined print method that shows only the first 10 rows, and all the columns that fit on screen. This makes it much easier to work with large data. In addition to its name, each column reports its type >iris > as_tibble(iris) These describe the type of each variable: int stands for integers. dbl stands for doubles, or real numbers. chr stands for character vectors, or strings. dttm stands for date-times (a date + a time). lgl stands for logical, vectors that contain only TRUE or FALSE . fctr stands for factors date stands for dates.
Tibbles You can create a new tibble from individual vectors with tibble(). tibble() will automatically recycle inputs of length 1, you can refer to columns that you ve just created. >tibble( x = 1:5, y = 1, z = x ^ 2 + y ) >data.frame(x = 1:5,y = 1,z = x ^ 2 + y) Error in data.frame(x = 1:5, y = 1, z = x^2 + y) : object 'x' not found
Tibbles It s possible for a tibble to have column names that are not valid R variable names, aka non-syntactic names. For example, they might not start with a letter, or they might contain unusual characters like a space. To refer to these variables, you need to surround them with backticks, ` >tb <- tibble( `:)` = "smile", ` ` = "space", `2000` = "number" )
Tribbles Another way to create a tibble is with tribble() , short for transposed tibble. tribble() is customised for data entry in code: column headings are defined by formulas (i.e. they start with ~ ), and entries are separated by commas. This makes it possible to lay out small amounts of data in easy to read form. > tribble( ~x, ~y, ~z, #--|--|---- "a", 2, 3.6, "b", 1, 8.5 ) >tb <- tribble( ~ `:)`, ~ ` `, ~ `2000`, "smile","space","number" )
Tribbles If you want to pull out a single variable, $ and [[ . [[ can extract by name or position; $ only extracts by name but is a little less typing. > tb<-tibble( x = 1:5, y = 1, z = x ^ 2 + y ) > tb$x >tb[[2]] >tb[[ z ]]
Esercizi Esercizi 1. Caricare gli oggetti creati dall esercizio sui data frame. 2. Creare un oggetto Tibble dal data frame Dmesi. 3. Caricare l oggetto iris e indicarne in una variabile iris_class la classe 4. Caricare l oggetto iris3 e indicarne in una variabile iris_class la classe 5. Creare un oggetto tible di nome t_iris dall oggetto iris 6. Creare un oggetto tible di nome t_iris3 dall oggetto iris3 7. Confronta i seguenti comandi eseguiti su un data frame e su un tibble df <- data.frame(abc = 1, xyz = "a") df$x df[, "xyz"] df[, c("abc", "xyz")]
dplyr package dplyr has three main goals: Identify the most important data manipulation verbs and make them easy to use from R. Provide fast performance for in-memory data by writing key pieces in C++ (using Rcpp) Use the same interface to work with data no matter where it's stored, whether in a data frame, a data table or database.
dplyr package the five key dplyr functions that allow you to solve the vast majority of your data manipulation Pick observations by their values ( filter() ). Reorder the rows ( arrange() ). Pick variables by their names ( select() ). Create new variables with functions of existing variables (mutate() ). Collapse many values down to a single summary ( summarise() ). These can all be used in conjunction with group_by() which changes the scope of each function from operating on the entire dataset to operating on it group-by-group.
Filter rows with filter() filter() allows you to subset observations based on their values. The first argument is the name of the data frame. The second and subsequent arguments are the expressions that filter the data frame. >library(nycflights13) >dim(flights) >filter(flights, month == 1)
Filter rows with filter() Multiple arguments to filter() are combined with and : every expression must be true in order for a row to be included in the output. >library(nycflights13) >dim(flights) >filter(flights, month == 12, day == 25) > filter(flights, month == 11 | month == 12)
Filter rows with filter() For other types of combinations, you ll need to use Boolean operators
Filter rows with filter() Between() is a shortcut for x >= left & x <= right, implemented efficiently in C++ for local values, and translated to the appropriate SQL for remote tables. >library(nycflights13) >dim(flights) > flights [between(flights$arr_delay,120,180),]
Arrange rows with arrange() arrange() works similarly to filter() except that instead of selecting rows, it changes their order. Use desc() to re-order by a column in descending order >library(nycflights13) >arrange(flights, arr_delay) >arrange(flights, desc(arr_delay))
Select columns with select() select() allows you to rapidly zoom in on a useful subset select(flights, year, month, day) There are a number of helper functions you can use within select() : starts_with("abc") : matches names that begin with abc . ends_with("xyz") : matches names that end with xyz . contains("ijk") : matches names that contain ijk . matches("(.)\\1") : selects variables that match a regular expression..
Select columns with select() rename() can be used to rename variables while keeps all the variables that aren t explicitly mentioned rename(flights, tail_num = tailnum)
Add new variables with mutate() Besides selecting sets of existing columns, it s often useful to add new columns that are functions of existing columns. That s the job of mutate() . mutate() always adds new columns at the end of your dataset >mutate(flights, gain = arr_delay - dep_delay, speed = distance / air_time * 60 )
Add new variables with mutate() Besides selecting sets of existing columns, it s often useful to add new columns that are functions of existing columns. That s the job of mutate() . mutate() always adds new columns at the end of your dataset >mutate(flights, gain = arr_delay - dep_delay, speed = distance / air_time * 60) If you only want to keep the new variables, use transmute() >transmute(flights, gain = arr_delay - dep_delay, speed = distance / air_time * 60)
Grouped summaries with summarise() summarise() . It collapses a data frame to a single row: >summarise(flights, delay = mean(dep_delay, na.rm = TRUE)) summarise() is not useful unless we pair it with group_by() . This changes the unit of analysis from the complete dataset to individual groups.
magrittr forward-pipe operator provides a new pipe -like operator, %>%, with which you may pipe a value forward into an expression or function call; it semantically changes your code in a way that makes it more intuitive to both read and write. By default the left-hand side (LHS) will be piped in as the first argument of the function appearing on the right-hand side (RHS). %>% may be used in a nested fashion, e.g. it may appear in expressions within arguments. When the LHS is needed at a position other than the first, one can use the dot,'.', as placeholder. The dot in e.g. a formula is not confused with a placeholder, which is utilized in the aggregate expression. Whenever only one argument is needed, the LHS, then one can omit the empty parentheses. A pipeline with a dot (.) as LHS will create a unary function.
