The Evolution of Social History: Power of Experience from Below
HISTORIOGRAPHY
LECTURE 8
The ‘New’ Social History and the Power of
Experience ‘From Below’
‘…..who fell victim to the fascist and
communist belief in inexorable laws of
historical destiny.'
(Karl Popper,
The Poverty of Historicism,
1957)
•
objectivst idea of history as a ‘social science
•
a holistic and totalising approach to history
•
quantitative methodologies
•
long-run analysis (long duree) analysis of
economic fluctuation trough prizes, interest in
trade flows and population, or geographical
conditions
•
a materialist and structural model of causation
(e.g. geography in the case of Braudel; forces of
productive for Marxists)
Between the 1930s and 1960s the disposition of the Annales
paralleled those of Marxists:
Edward Palmer Thompson (1924-1993)
The rise of ‘experience’ and ‘culture’ as central
categories of history writing from the 1960s
Edward John Thompson 1880-1940
Christopher Hill (1912-2003)
The 17
th
century
English
revolutionary
tradition
T
h
e
S
e
c
o
n
d
W
o
r
l
d
W
a
r
i
n
t
h
e
B
a
l
k
a
n
s
P
a
r
t
i
s
a
n
s
F
r
a
n
k
T
h
o
m
p
s
o
n
(
1
9
2
2
-
1
9
4
4
)
1948-65
Lectureship in Leeds University Extra-Mural
Department, based in Halifax, West
Yorkshire to teach English and History
Halifax in the 1950s
William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary
(1955)
Communist Party Historian’s
Group and ‘history from below’
1946-1956
The Reasoner
(1956)
soon
becomes
The New Reasoner
New Left Review
(1959)
The Making of the English
Working Class
(1963)
‘The working class did not rise like the sun at
an appointed hour.
It was present at its own
making.’
‘
I do not see class as a “structure”, nor even as a “category”, but
as something which in fact happens (and can be shown to have
happened) in human relationships...Like any other relationship,
it is a fluency which evades analysis if we attempt to stop it
dead at any given moment and anatomize its structure.
The finest-meshed sociological net cannot give us a pure
definition of class, any more than it can give us one of deference
or of love. The relationship must always be embodied in real
people and in a real context. Moreover, we cannot have two
distinct classes, each with an independent being, and then bring
them
into
relationship with each other. We cannot have love
without lovers, nor deference without squires and labourers.
(p.1)
‘I am trying to rescue the poor stockinger, the
Luddite cropper, the “obsolete” hand-loom
weaver, the “utopian” artisan, and even the
deluded follower of Joanna Southcott,
from the
enormous condescension of posterity...(
p.13)
Photograph above shows the Humanities Building c. 1964.
Source: University of Warwick, Modern Records Centre, Warwick
University Archive.
The University of Warwick 1965-1972
Published as a Penguin Education Special, 1973, a few weeks after
Thompson’s article `The Business University’,
New Society,
19 Feb 1970.
1980
Thompson the anti-nuclear
activist
•
Rejection of Marxist structuralism
•
Rejection of economic reductionism (the idea
that all action can be traced back to ‘the
economic base’ of a society)
•
‘Marxist humanism’: historical subjects are
active in the shaping of their own lives.
•
Resistance: above all a social and political act
•
T
h
o
m
p
s
o
n
’
s
p
e
r
i
o
d
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
c
l
a
s
s
-
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
(
c
.
1
7
8
0
-
1
8
5
0
)
i
s
w
r
o
n
g
.
•
T
h
o
m
p
s
o
n
’
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
c
l
a
s
s
i
n
M
a
k
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
C
l
a
s
s
i
s
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
.
•
I
n
M
a
k
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
C
l
a
s
s
,
c
l
a
s
s
i
s
g
e
n
d
e
r
e
d
a
s
m
a
l
e
,
a
s
i
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
-
c
l
a
s
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
.
•
‘
E
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
’
i
s
n
o
t
a
v
a
l
i
d
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
f
o
r
s
o
c
i
a
l
,
h
i
s
t
o
r
i
c
a
l
,
o
r
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
i
c
a
l
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
.
•
‘
E
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
’
i
s
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
e
d
a
s
a
m
o
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
t
h
i
n
g
.
•
I
f
c
l
a
s
s
i
s
‘
a
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
,
n
o
t
a
t
h
i
n
g
’
(
M
a
k
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
C
l
a
s
s
)
,
t
h
e
n
s
u
r
e
l
y
w
e
n
e
e
d
t
o
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
a
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
s
i
d
e
s
:
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
a
n
d
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
r
s
;
m
a
s
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
s
e
r
v
a
n
t
s
?
•
I
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
o
f
‘
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
’
i
n
M
a
k
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
W
o
r
k
i
n
g
C
l
a
s
s
:
C
r
i
t
i
q
u
e
s
o
f
T
h
o
m
p
s
o
n
William Blake, `Behemoth
and Leviathan’ (Plate 15)
Illustrations of 'The Book of
Job'
1823-26
Witness against the
Beast
(1994)
` … There is never the least sign of
submission to “Satan’s Kingdom”. Never,
on any page of Blake, is there the least
complicity with the kingdom of the Beast’.
E.P. Thompson (1924-1993)
Explore the transition in historiography from the Annales school to the New Social History, emphasizing the focus on experience and culture from the 1930s to the 1960s. Key figures such as Edward Palmer Thompson and Christopher Hill reshaped historical narratives with their emphasis on grassroots perspectives and revolutionary traditions, challenging traditional paradigms. This shift marked a critical juncture in historical scholarship, advocating for a more nuanced understanding of historical events and their impact on society.
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Presentation Transcript
HISTORIOGRAPHY LECTURE 8 The New Social History and the Power of Experience From Below
..who fell victim to the fascist and communist belief in inexorable laws of historical destiny.' (Karl Popper, The Poverty of Historicism, 1957)
Between the 1930s and 1960s the disposition of the Annales paralleled those of Marxists: objectivst idea of history as a social science a holistic and totalising approach to history quantitative methodologies long-run analysis (long duree) analysis of economic fluctuation trough prizes, interest in trade flows and population, or geographical conditions a materialist and structural model of causation (e.g. geography in the case of Braudel; forces of productive for Marxists)
The rise of experience and culture as central categories of history writing from the 1960s Edward Palmer Thompson (1924-1993)
Christopher Hill (1912-2003) The 17th century English revolutionary tradition
The Second World War in the Balkans Frank Thompson (1922-1944) Partisans
1948-65 Lectureship in Leeds University Extra-Mural Department, based in Halifax, West Yorkshire to teach English and History Halifax in the 1950s
Communist Party Historians Group and history from below 1946-1956 The Reasoner (1956)soon becomes The New Reasoner New Left Review (1959)
The Making of the English Working Class (1963)
The working class did not rise like the sun at an appointed hour. It was present at its own making.
I do not see class as a structure, nor even as a category, but as something which in fact happens (and can be shown to have happened) in human relationships...Like any other relationship, it is a fluency which evades analysis if we attempt to stop it dead at any given moment and anatomize its structure. The finest-meshed sociological net cannot give us a pure definition of class, any more than it can give us one of deference or of love. The relationship must always be embodied in real people and in a real context. Moreover, we cannot have two distinct classes, each with an independent being, and then bring them into relationship with each other. We cannot have love without lovers, nor deference without squires and labourers. (p.1)
I am trying to rescue the poor stockinger, the Luddite cropper, the obsolete hand-loom weaver, the utopian artisan, and even the deluded follower of Joanna Southcott, from the enormous condescension of posterity...(p.13)
The University of Warwick 1965-1972 Photograph above shows the Humanities Building c. 1964. Source: University of Warwick, Modern Records Centre, Warwick University Archive.
Published as a Penguin Education Special, 1973, a few weeks after Thompson s article `The Business University , New Society, 19 Feb 1970.
Thompson the anti-nuclear activist 1980
Rejection of Marxist structuralism Rejection of economic reductionism (the idea that all action can be traced back to the economic base of a society) Marxist humanism : historical subjects are active in the shaping of their own lives. Resistance: above all a social and political act
Critiques of Thompson Thompson s periodization of this class-formation(c.1780-1850)is wrong. Thompson s representation of the English working class in Making of the English Working Class is partial. In Making of the English Working Class, class is gendered as male, as is working-class experience. Experience is not a valid category for social, historical, or philosophical investigation. Experience is construed as a momentary thing. If class is a relationship, not a thing (Making of the English Working Class), then surely we need to investigate the experience of that relationship from both sides: workers and employers; masters and servants? Inadequate account of culture in Making of the English Working Class:
Witness against the Beast (1994) William Blake, `Behemoth and Leviathan (Plate 15) Illustrations of 'The Book of Job' 1823-26
` There is never the least sign of submission to Satan s Kingdom . Never, on any page of Blake, is there the least complicity with the kingdom of the Beast . E.P. Thompson (1924-1993)
