Refrigeration Landscape and Alternatives Overview
This content discusses the shifting focus from ozone depletion to climate change in relation to refrigerants since 1987. It presents sustainability scenarios, considerations on renewable sources for refrigerants, and the development of environmental and social indicators. The content also explores various refrigerants, including HFCs and alternatives, across different refrigeration sectors.
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UNEP HFC Workshop Refrigeration Session 1, part 1 OVERVIEW Paulo Vodianitskaia paulo.vodia@hapiterra.com Bangkok, 20-21 April 2015
Moving horizons ODP ODP + GWPODP + GWP GWP .??? 2005 1997 1987 1992 2015 HFC HFC HCFC CFC HCFC HFC HCFC CFC HFC CFC HCFC Main env l focus related to refrigerants migrated from ozone depletion to climate change since 1987 Sustainability scenarios can avoid unnecessary costs and suggest new directions to move on A few considerations to feed our thoughts Most refrigerants depend on non-renewable materials, subject to intense extraction Fluorinated compounds - how near is a calcium fluorite shortage? Ammonia - hydrogen from methane Hydrocarbons - separated from natural gas and petroleum Some options are (or could be) obtained from renewable sources Water, ethanol, methanol HCs, CO2 , NH3 can be synthesized from biomass or waste (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis) Scope should develop from "ODP & GWP" to a necessary & sufficient set of environmental and social indicators from "energy efficiency" to efficiency with low-grade, renewable, decentralized energy from "refrigerant conservation" to resources conservation from "use & EoL" to life cycle
The Refrigeration Landscape - HFCs and alternatives GWP 100 yr R-404A 3000 R-410A R-452A R-407A R-407A 2000 R-407F R-407F R-407C HFC-134a R-448A/449A 1000 HFC-32 R-450A / 513A R-744 new blends* HFO-1234 ze / yf HFO-1234 ze / yf HFO-1234 ze HC-600a HC-290/1270 HC-290 HC-1270 R-744 + HC-600a, R-717 (cascade) R-744 R-744 R-718 0 R-717 in kW SMALL LARGE 0.1-0.5 - - Domestic 0.1-1 2-20 (medium) 40-200 Commercial 20-100 100-5,000 (large distrib.) 200-5,000 (ind l chillers) Industrial 3-10 (road) 5-15 (containers) 40-2,000 (ships) Transport * new blends: R-450A, R-513A, R-451A, R-451B, R-446A, R-447A
Domestic Refrigeration - HFCs and alternatives GWP 100 yr 3000 2000 HFC-134a 1000 HFO-1234 ze / yf HC-600a 0 in kW SMALL LARGE 0.1-0.5 - - Domestic 0.1-1 2-20 (medium) 40-200 Commercial 20-100 100-5,000 (large distrib.) 200-5,000 (ind l chillers) Industrial 3-10 (road) 5-15 (containers) 40-2,000 (ships) Transport * new blends: R-450A, R-513A, R-451A, R-451B, R-446A, R-447A
Commercial Refrigeration - HFCs and alternatives GWP 100 yr R-404A 3000 LT MT R-407A 2000 R-407F HFC-134a R-448A/449A 1000 HFC-32 new blends* HFO-1234 ze / yf HC-600a R-744 + HC-600a, R-717 (cascade) R-744 0 R-717 in kW SMALL LARGE 0.1-0.5 - - Domestic 0.1-1 2-20 (medium) 40-200 Commercial 20-100 100-5,000 (large distrib.) 200-5,000 (ind l chillers) Industrial 3-10 (road) 5-15 (containers) 40-2,000 (ships) Transport * new blends: R-450A, R-513A, R-451A, R-451B, R-446A, R-447A
Industrial Refrigeration - HFCs and alternatives GWP 100 yr R-404A 3000 R-410A R-407A 2000 R-407F R-407C HFC-134a HFC-134a R-448A/449A 1000 HFC-32 new blends* HFO-1234 ze HC-290/1270 HC-290 HC-1270 R-718 0 R-717 in kW SMALL LARGE 0.1-0.5 - - Domestic 0.1-1 2-20 (medium) 40-200 Commercial 20-100 100-5,000 (large distrib.) 200-5,000 (ind l chillers) Industrial 3-10 (road) 5-15 (containers) 40-2,000 (ships) Transport * new blends: R-450A, R-513A, R-451A, R-451B, R-446A, R-447A
Transport Refrigeration - HFCs and alternatives GWP 100 yr R-404A 3000 R-452A R-407A 2000 R-407F HFC-134a R-448A/449A 1000 HFC-32 R-450A / 513A HFO-1234 ze HFO-1234 ze HC-290/1270 R-744 0 R-717 in kW SMALL LARGE 0.1-0.5 - - Domestic 0.1-1 2-20 (medium) 40-200 Commercial 20-100 100-5,000 (large distrib.) 200-5,000 (ind l chillers) Industrial 3-10 (road) 5-15 (containers) 40-2,000 (ships) Transport * new blends: R-450A, R-513A, R-451A, R-451B, R-446A, R-447A
Refrigeration sectors and selected key issues Sector Type Issue Safety - 500 million HC-600a R/Fs in use. IEC/UL: different requirements - Domestic Cost - HC-600a has a commercial driver; HFO costs not established. Safety - some countries limit charge size for HCs. Some units too large Stand-alone/ condensing units Cost - R-744 and HFO-1234yf: higher cost of components and refrigerant respectively High T - little data on new HFO/HFC blends. Higher P refrigerants and blends similar to R-410A: high discharge T. Condensing units Commercial Condensing units/ centralised systems Refrigerant conservation - most emissions occur during operating life. Retrofit - centralised R-404A systems can be retrofitted with refrigerants with much lower GWPs. Centralised systems Retrofit - R-404 to refrigerants with GWPs 1400-2100. Small/medium Industrial Refrigerant conservation - emissions from installed pipework and connections. Safety and training -int l trade: compliance to multiple legal requirements. New training required. High T - some fluorocarbons not ideal due to high discharge T. R-744 has lower efficiency. R-452A is an option Road transport/ containers Transport Refrigerant conservation - most emissions occur during operating life
