Programming in C
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M
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G
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N
C
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5
C
Course,
Programming
club,
Fall
2008
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7
C
Course,
Programming
club,
Fall
2008
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9
10
11
By
default
all
statements
in
a
program
are
executed
within
a
sequence
from
top
to
bottom
one
by
one.
But
Control
statements
can
transfer
the
control
from
one
part
of
program
to
another
part
within
a
program
during
execution.
Control
statements
are
used
in
decision
making.
By
using
the
control
statements,
we
can
change
the
control
flow
during
the
execution
of
program.
12
13
14
15
16
Loop
:
-
17
▣
A
Loop
is
a
set
of
statements
which
are
executed
again
and
again
in
a
program
during
execution
till
the
given
condition
is
true.
▣
When
the
specified
condition
becomes
false
then
the
Loop
will
end.
▣
Now
the
control
is
exit
from
the
body
of
the
Loop
and
go
to
the
beginning
of
the
next
statement.
To
reduce
the
size
of
the
program.
To
save
time
Easily
debugging
Program
is
technically
sound
Program
is
more
readable
18
19
▣
For
Loop
:
A
for
loop
is
used
only
in
that
situation
when
we
know
in
advance
how
many
times
a
particular
set
of
statements
will
execute.
20
Syntax
:
for(p=1;p<=10;p++)
{printf(“%d
“,p);
}
Output
:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
▣
While
Loop
:
A
while
loop
is
used
only
in
that
situation
when
we
don’t
know
in
advance
how
many
times
a
particular
set
of
statements
will
execute.
21
▣
Syntax
:
input
:
5478
output
:
8745
int
n,r,rv=0;
while(n>0)
{r=n%10;
n=n/10;
rv=(rv*10)+r;
}
▣
Do
-
While Loop
:
22
A
do-
while
loop
is
like
a
while
loop
but
difference
is
that
the
body
of
this
loop
will
execute
at
least
once
whether
the
given
condition
is
true
or
false
because
as
per
syntax
,
the
condition
is
check
at
the
end
of
loop.
▣
Syntax
:
do
{statement
statement
}
while(n>1)
23
A
function
is
a
set
of
statements
that
performs
a
particular
task
.
C
language
is
highly
dependent
on
functions.
By
using
function,
we
can
reuse
of
code.
Any
function
can
call
one
or
more
times.
A
program
can
have
one
or
more
functions.
A
function
may
or
not
return
any
value
to
calling
function.
It
depends
on
its
return
type.
Each
C
program
starts
its
execution
from
function
.
By
using
function,
we
can
break
large
problem
in
smaller.
1.
It
saves
time
by
reuse
of
code.
2.
Length
of
program
is
also
reduced.
3.
Program
is
more
readable
and
reliable.
4.
By
variety
of
functions,
provide
flexibility
of
program.
5.
Easily
debugging
of
program.
6.
Functions
break
large
problems
in
smaller.
7.
Program
maintenance
and
design
both
are
easy.
8.
Function
provide
a
facility
of
faster
development
of
software.
1.
Built
in
function
2.
User
defined
functions.
Built
in
function
:
The
built
in
functions
are
also
called
as
predefined
functions
We
can
not
redefine
these
functions.
All
information
regarding
these
function
is
already
defined
in
header
files.
e.g
printf(),
scanf(),
clrscr(),getch()
1)
User
defined
functions
are
written
by
user.
2)
There
can
be
one
or
more
user
defined
functions
in
a
program.
3)
Each
function
has
its
call
and
body.
4)
Function
may
or
not
return
a
value
to
its
called
function.
27
1)
Int
:
It
means
a
function
will
return
a
value
of
integer
type
at
the
end.
2)
Char
:
Function
will
return
a
value
of
character
type.
3)
Float
:
Function
will
return
a
value
of
float
type.
4)
Void
:
Function
will
not
return
any
value.
E.g
int
student();
char
student();
float
student();
void
student();
28
▣
A
function
prototype
is
also
known
as
function
declaration.
▣
A
function
prototype
contains
a
return
data
type
of
function,
name
of
function,
list
of
arguments.
e.g
int
fact(int
a);
float
add(
float
a,
float
b);
void
prod(
int
a,
int
b,
int
c);
29
30
31
▣
Argument
is
used
to
sent
and
receive
information
from
main()
to
user
defined
function.
▣
Arguments
are
also
known
as
parameters.
▣
Argument
can
be
int,
float,
char
type.
▣
Arguments
can
be
any
in
number.
e.g
void
add(int
a,
int
b);
Here
a
and
b
are
two
arguments
and
function
name
is
add
and
its
return
type
is
void.
32
▣
Actual
Arguments
:
Actual
arguments
are
those
in
which
value
is
originally
entered.
Actual
arguments
are
maintained
in
function
call
statements.
These
Arguments
are
sent
the
information
to
formal
arguments.
33
▣
Formal
Arguments
:
These
arguments
receive
the
information
from
Actual
Arguments
and
used
in
function
definition.
▣
Call
by
Value
:
In
this
method,
value
of
actual
parameter
is
passed
to
formal
parameter.
If
value
of
formal
parameters
are
changed
accidentally,
it
does
not
change
the
value
actual
parameter.
34
▣
Call
by
Reference
:
In
this
method,
memory
address
of
actual
parameter
is
passed
to
formal
parameter.
If
we
do
any
change
in
the
value
of
formal
parameter
then
value
of
actual
parameter
will
also
be
change
because
both
have
the
same
memory
address.
35
Control statements play a crucial role in C programming by allowing the control flow to change during program execution. They enable decision-making and transfer control from one part of the program to another. Additionally, loops help in executing a set of statements repeatedly until a specified condition is met, enhancing the efficiency and logic of the program. This presentation covers the basics of control statements, loops, and their significance in C programming, aiding in better comprehension of program execution flow.
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Presentation Transcript
PROGRAMMING PROGRAMMING IN C C IN
By default all statements in a program are executed within a sequence from top to bottom one by one. But Control statements can transfer the control from one part of program to another part within a program during execution. Control statements are used in decision making. By using the control statements, we can change the control flow during the execution of program. 12
17 Loop: - A Loop is a set of statements which are executed again and again in a program during execution till the given condition is true. When the specified condition becomes false then the Loop will end. Now the control is exit from the body of the Loop and go to the beginning of the next statement.
18 To reduce the size of the program. To save time Easily debugging Program is technically sound Program is more readable
20 For Loop: A for loop is used only in that situation when we know in advance how many times a particular set of statements will execute. printf( %d } Syntax : for(p=1;p<=10;p++) { ,p); Output : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910
21 While Loop: A while loop is used only in that situation when we don t know in advance how many times a particular set of statements will execute. r=n%10; n=n/10; rv=(rv*10)+r; } int n,r,rv=0; while(n>0) { input : 5478 output : 8745 Syntax :
22 A do- while loop is like Do -While Loop : this loop will execute at least once whether the given condition is true or false because as per syntax , the condition is check at the end of loop. Syntax : do { statement statement } while(n>1) a while loop but difference is that the body of
A function is a set of statements that performs a particular task . C language is highly dependent on functions. By using function, we can reuse of code. Any function can call one or more times. A program can have one or more functions. A function may or not return any value to calling function. It depends on its return type. Each C program starts its execution from function . By using function, we can break large problem in smaller.
1. It saves time by reuse of code. 2. Length of program is also reduced. 3. Program is more readable and reliable. 4. By variety of functions, provide flexibility of program. 5. Easily debugging of program. 6. Functions break large problems in smaller. 7. Program maintenance and design both are easy. 8. Function provide a facility of faster development of software.
1. Built in function 2. User defined functions. Built in function : The built in functions are also called as predefined functions We can not redefine these functions. All information regarding these function is already defined in header files. e.g printf(), scanf(), clrscr(),getch()
1) User defined functions are written by user. functions in a program. 3) Each function has its call and body. 4) Function may or not return a value to its called function. 2) There can be one or more user defined 27
1) Int : It means a function will return a value of integer type at the end. 4) Void : Function will not return any value. 2) Char : Function will return a value of character type. 3) Float : Function will return a value of float type. int student(); char student(); float student(); void student(); E.g 28
29 A function prototype is also known as function declaration. A function prototype contains a return data type of function, name of function, list of arguments. e.g int fact(int a); float add( float a, float b); void prod( int a, int b, int c);
32 Argument is used to sent and receive information from main() to user defined function. Arguments are also known as parameters. Argument can be int, float, char type. Arguments can be any in number. e.g void add(int a, int b); Here a and b are two arguments and function name is add and its return type is void.
33 ActualArguments : Actual arguments are those in which value is originally entered. Actual arguments are maintained in function call statements. These Arguments are sent the information to formal arguments. Formal Arguments : These arguments receive the information from Actual Arguments and used in function definition.
34 Call by Value : In this method, value of actual parameter is passed to formal parameter. If value of formal parameters are changed accidentally, it does not change the value actual parameter. Call by Reference : In this method, memory address of actual parameter is passed to formal parameter. If we do any change in the value of formal parameter then value of actual parameter will also be change because both have the same memory address.
