Programming Fundamentals Midterm Review

The review covers various topics including C parameters passing, compilation, program organization, C++ I/O, the use of stringstream, pointers, structures, classes, access control, constructors/destructor, and operator overloading. It includes code snippets and explanations on parameter passing, program organization rules, incremental compilation, pointers and structures, and classes with constructors and destructors.

• Programming Fundamentals
• Midterm Review
• C++
• Pointers
• Classes

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1. ECE 244 Programming Fundamentals: Midterm review

2. What we have learnt Review of C Parameters passing Compilation and program organization C++ I/O (the use of stringstream) Pointers + structures Classes Access control Constructors/destructor Operator overloading

3. Parameter passing: 2014 midterm Q1c 1 int do_something (int* & ptr1, int* ptr2) { 2 int* t; 3 *ptr1 = *ptr1 + *ptr2; 4 *ptr2 = *ptr1 + *ptr2; 5 t = ptr1; 6 ptr1 = ptr2; 7 ptr2 = ptr1; 8 return (*ptr1 + *ptr2); 9 } 10 int main () { 11 int* p = new int; 12 int* q = new int; 13 int z; 14 *p = 5; 15 *q = 8; 16 z = do_something (p, q); 17 z = z + *p + *q; 18 cout << z << endl; 19 return (0); 29 } p ptr1 q z Memory: 42 84 100 104 XX 104 addr. : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Memory: 13 5 21 8 addr. :100 104 t ptr2 100 104 104

4. Program organization The rule is very simple: you have to declare sth (e.g., a function or class) before you use it But you CANNOT declare a class/structure/global more than once! #ifndef SYMBOL #define SYMBOL Declarations go into header file Include all the necessary header files in .cpp file Only compile .cpp file link for incremental compilation

5. Incremental compilation g++ -c -Wall main.cc -o main.o g++ -c -Wall insert.cc -o insert.o g++ -c -Wall search.cc -o search.o g++ main.o insert.o search.o o linklist.exe

6. Pointers + structures int *p = new int; int **q = &p; **q = 100; cout << *p << endl; Pointers Pointers to pointers struct node { int data; struct node *next; } *head; Pointers to structures struct node *p = new node; struct node **q = &p; (*q)->data = 10; (*q)->next = new node; (*q)->next->data = 11; cout << p->next->data << endl; cout << ((*p).next)->data << endl; delete p->next; delete p;

7. Classes constructor/destructor 4 class A{ 5 public: 6 A () { cout << "A instantiated" << endl; } 7 ~A() { cout << "A destroyed" << endl; } 8 }; 9 A a; 10 A *foo() { 11 A b; 12 A *p = NULL; 13 cout <<"In foo << endl; 14 p = new A[2]; 15 return p; 16 } 17 int main() { 18 A c[3]; 19 A *q = NULL; 20 cout << "In main" << endl; 21 q = foo(); 22 delete [] q; 23 cout << "Done" << endl; 24 return 0; 25 } Output: A instantiated A instantiated A instantiated A instantiated In main A instantiated In foo A instantiated A instantiated A destroyed A destroyed A destroyed Done A destroyed A destroyed A destroyed A destroyed line 9 line 18 line 11 line 14 line 16 line 22 line 25, c[3] line 25, a

8. Array of objects line 18: A c[3]; An array of 3 objects, located on stack A *p = new A[2]; An array of 2 objects, located on heap A *p[10]; An array of 10 pointers No constructor is called! for (int i=0; i<10; i++) p[i] = new A;

9. Operator overloading Overloading binary operator: const Complex Complex::operator+ (const Complex &x) const { return Complex(real+x.getReal(), imag+x.getImag()); } A a = b; Complex a(3.2, 1.0); Complex b(4.0, 0.5); Complex c; c = a + b; Overloading unary operator: Complex& Complex::operator= (const Complex &x) { real = x.getReal(); imag = x.getImag(); return *this; }