Overview of Shell and Sodium Silicate Molding Processes in Casting
2. Chemical Sand Molding Processes
2-a. Shell Molding Process
Shell molding is a casting process in which the mold is a thin
shell (typically 9 mm or 3/8 in) made of sand held together by
a thermosetting resin binder. Developed in Germany during
the early 1940s,
(1) a match-plate or cope-
and-drag metal pattern is
heated and placed over a
box containing sand
mixed with thermosetting
resin;
Steps in shell molding
(2) box is inverted so that sand and
resin fall onto the hot pattern,
causing a layer of the mixture to
partially cure on the surface to form
a hard shell;
(
3) box is repositioned so that loose,
uncured particles drop away;
(5) shell mold is stripped from the
pattern;
(4) sand shell is heated in oven for
several minutes to complete curing;
(6) two halves of the shell mold are assembled,
supported by sand or metal shot in a box, and pouring
is accomplished.
The finished casting with sprue
removed is shown in.
(7)
There are many
advantages
to the shell-molding process.
The
surface of the shell mold cavity is smoother than a
conventional green-sand mold
, and this smoothness permits
easier flow of molten metal during pouring and better surface
finish on the final casting. Finishes of 2.5μm (100μ-in) can be
obtained.
Good dimensional accuracy is also achieved
, with
tolerances of ±0.25 mm (±0.010 in) possible on small-to-
medium-sized parts.
The good finish and accuracy often
precludes the need for further machining
.
Collapsibility of the
mold is generally sufficient to avoid tearing and cracking of
the casting.
Disadvantages
of shell molding include a
more
expensive metal pattern
than the corresponding
pattern for green-sand molding. This makes shell
molding
difficult to justify for small quantities of
parts
. Shell molding can be mechanized for mass
production and is very economical for large
quantities. It seems particularly suited to steel
castings of less than 20 lb. Examples of parts made
using shell molding include gears, valve bodies,
bushings, and camshafts.
2-b. Sodium Silicate Molding Process
In this process, the refractory material is coated with a
sodium silicate-based binder. For molds, the sand
mixture can be compacted manually, jolted or squeezed
around the pattern in the flask. After compaction, CO
2
gas is passed through the core or mold. The CO
2
chemically reacts with the sodium silicate to cure, or
harden, the binder. This cured binder then holds the
refractory in place around the pattern. After curing, the
pattern is withdrawn from the mold.
The sodium silicate process is one of the most environmentally
acceptable of the chemical processes available. The
major
disadvantage
of the process is that
the binder is very hygroscopic
and readily absorbs water, which causes a porosity in the
castings.. Also, because the binder creates such a hard, rigid mold
wall, shake out and collapsibility characteristics can
slow down
production
. Some of
the advantages
of the process are:
A hard, rigid core and mold are typical of the process, which
gives the casting
good dimensional tolerances
;
good casting surface finishes are readily obtainable;
3-Permanent Mold Process
In all the above processes, a mold need to be prepared for each
of the casting produced. For large-scale production, making a
mold, for every casting to be produced, may be difficult and
expensive. Therefore, a permanent mold, called the die may be
made from which a large number of castings can be produced. ,
the molds are usually made of cast iron or steel, although
graphite, copper and aluminum have been used as mold
materials.
The process in which we use a die to make the
castings is
called permanent mold casting
or
gravity die
casting
,
since the metal enters the mold under gravity
. Some
time in die-casting we inject the molten metal with a high
pressure. When we
apply pressure in injecting the metal it is
called
pressure die casting process.
: (1) mold is preheated and coated;
Steps in permanent-mold casting
(2) cores (if used) are inserted, and mold is closed
(3)
molten
metal is poured into the mold
(4) mold is opened
(5) Finished part is shown
Low-pressure casting. The diagram shows how air
pressure is used to force the molten metal in the
ladle up ward in to the mold cavity. Pressure is
maintained until the casting has solidified.
Cycle in hot- chamber casting
(1) with die closed and plunger withdrawn, molten metal flows into the chamber
(3) plunger is withdrawn, die is opened, and solidified part is
ejected.
(4) Finished part is shown
Cycle in cold-chamber casting
: (1) with die closed and ram withdrawn, molten metal is poured into the chamber
(2) ram forces metal to flow into die, maintaining pressure during cooling and solidification
(3) ram is withdrawn, die is opened, and part is ejected. (Gating
system is simplified.)
Advantages
Permanent Molding produces a sound dense
casting with
superior mechanical properties
.
The castings produced are
quite uniform in shape
have a higher degree of dimensional accuracy
than castings produced in sand
The permanent mold process is also capable of
producing a
consistent quality of finish
on
castings
Disadvantages
The cost of tooling is usually higher than for
sand castings
•
The process is generally limited to the
production of small castings of simple exterior
design, although complex castings such as
aluminum engine blocks and heads are now
commonplace
Shell molding is a casting process involving a thin sand shell held together by a resin binder, offering advantages like smoother mold cavity surfaces and good dimensional accuracy. However, it can be costly for small quantities. Sodium Silicate Molding Process involves coating refractory materials with a sodium-silicate-based binder. Both processes have their unique applications and benefits in the casting industry.
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Presentation Transcript
2. Chemical Sand Molding Processes 2-a. Shell Molding Process Shell molding is a casting process in which the mold is a thin shell (typically 9 mm or 3/8 in) made of sand held together by a thermosetting resin binder. Developed in Germany during the early 1940s, Steps in shell molding (1) a match-plate or cope- and-drag metal pattern is heated and placed over a box containing sand mixed with thermosetting resin;
(2) box is inverted so that sand and resin fall onto the hot pattern, causing a layer of the mixture to partially cure on the surface to form a hard shell; (3) box is repositioned so that loose, uncured particles drop away;
(4) sand shell is heated in oven for several minutes to complete curing; (5) shell mold is stripped from the pattern;
(6) two halves of the shell mold are assembled, supported by sand or metal shot in a box, and pouring is accomplished. (7) The finished casting with sprue removed is shown in.
There are many advantages to the shell-molding process. The surface of the shell mold cavity is smoother than a conventional green-sand mold, and this smoothness permits easier flow of molten metal during pouring and better surface finish on the final casting. Finishes of 2.5 m (100 -in) can be obtained. Good dimensional accuracy is also achieved, with tolerances of 0.25 mm ( 0.010 in) possible on small-to- medium-sized parts. The good finish and accuracy often precludes the need for further machining. Collapsibility of the mold is generally sufficient to avoid tearing and cracking of the casting.
Disadvantages of shell molding include a more expensive metal pattern than the corresponding pattern for green-sand molding. This makes shell molding difficult to justify for small quantities of parts. Shell molding can be mechanized for mass production and is very economical for large quantities. It seems particularly suited to steel castings of less than 20 lb. Examples of parts made using shell molding include gears, valve bodies, bushings, and camshafts.
2-b. Sodium Silicate Molding Process In this process, the refractory material is coated with a sodium silicate-based binder. For molds, the sand mixture can be compacted manually, jolted or squeezed around the pattern in the flask. After compaction, CO 2 gas is passed through the core or mold. The CO2 chemically reacts with the sodium silicate to cure, or harden, the binder. This cured binder then holds the refractory in place around the pattern. After curing, the pattern is withdrawn from the mold.
The sodium silicate process is one of the most environmentally acceptable of the chemical processes available. The major disadvantage of the process is that the binder is very hygroscopic and readily absorbs water, which causes a porosity in the castings.. Also, because the binder creates such a hard, rigid mold wall, shake out and collapsibility characteristics can slow down production. Some of the advantages of the process are: A hard, rigid core and mold are typical of the process, which gives the casting good dimensional tolerances; good casting surface finishes are readily obtainable;
3-Permanent Mold Process In all the above processes, a mold need to be prepared for each of the casting produced. For large-scale production, making a mold, for every casting to be produced, may be difficult and expensive. Therefore, a permanent mold, called the die may be made from which a large number of castings can be produced. , the molds are usually made of cast iron or steel, although graphite, copper and aluminum have been used as mold materials. The process in which we use a die to make the castings is called permanent mold casting or gravity die casting, since the metal enters the mold under gravity. Some time in die-casting we inject the molten metal with a high pressure. When we apply pressure in injecting the metal it is called pressure die casting process.
Steps in permanent-mold casting : (1) mold is preheated and coated;
(2) cores (if used) are inserted, and mold is closed (3) molten metal is poured into the mold
(4) mold is opened (5) Finished part is shown
Low-pressure casting. The diagram shows how air pressure is used to force the molten metal in the ladle up ward in to the mold cavity. Pressure is maintained until the casting has solidified.
Cycle in hot- chamber casting (1) with die closed and plunger withdrawn, molten metal flows into the chamber
(3) plunger is withdrawn, die is opened, and solidified part is ejected. (4) Finished part is shown
Cycle in cold-chamber casting : (1) with die closed and ram withdrawn, molten metal is poured into the chamber (2) ram forces metal to flow into die, maintaining pressure during cooling and solidification
(3) ram is withdrawn, die is opened, and part is ejected. (Gating system is simplified.)
Advantages Permanent Molding produces a sound dense casting with superior mechanical properties. The castings produced are quite uniform in shape have a higher degree of dimensional accuracy than castings produced in sand The permanent mold process is also capable of producing a consistent quality of finish on castings
Disadvantages The cost of tooling is usually higher than for sand castings The process is generally limited to the production of small castings of simple exterior design, although complex castings such as aluminum engine blocks and heads are now commonplace
