Mastering the Art of Rhetoric: Ethos, Logos, and Pathos
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Rhetoric
The art of speaking or
writing effectively
Aristotle
According to
Aristotle
, a Greek
philosopher,
rhetoric
is “the ability,
in each particular case, to see the
available means of
persuasion
.”
3 Main Forms of Rhetoric
Ethos
Ethos
Logos
Logos
Pathos
Pathos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gf81d0Y
S58ES58Ehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gf81d0Y
Ethos
Greek word for “
Character
”
Refers to the t
rustworthiness
or
credibility
of the
writer
or speaker
Persuasion may come from the writer’s
reputation
alone, as it may exist
independently from the message
Examples of Ethos
9 out of 10
dentists
recommend… (dentists
are
experts
in their field- shows credibility)
Michael Jordan is a spokesperson for Nike
(
reputation
)
Backing from a credible
teacher
, police
officer, fire fighter etc… (credible sources
that may have previous records of
integrity
)
Examples of Ethos
“
I am an ‘A’ student, with a reputation
of following the rules on this
campus…”
“I am involved in several activities on
campus and understand what we need
for _________________ first-hand”
The Surgeon General warns that…
Truth is…
You can’t expect people to
agree
with your opinion(s) or be
persuaded
by your ideas, unless
that person is sure
you
know what
you’re
talking
about! You need to
be an
expert
on the topic of your
choice!
Logos
Greek word for “
word
”
Refers to the
clarity
of the claim
Your opinion is supported with
evidence
,
logic
and
reason
!
Your argument, above all, is
logical
.
Examples of Logos
98% of the
consumers
experienced
some kind of relief from
pain…(statistics)
Out of 100 people surveyed, 90 were in
agreement
that… (again, hard facts!)
We all want a clean
environment
…
(appeal to logic)
Examples of Logos
“Tackle football should be at ACP because
it is played at all of the other Chandler high
schools.”
“The cafeteria should lower the price for a
slice of pizza because I can purchase an
entire large pizza from Little Cesar’s for
$5.00, which is less than the cost of three
slices at ACP.”
Truth is…
It is difficult to
argue
with
facts
,
statistics
, and
reason
!
Pathos
Greek word for
suffering
and
experience
An
emotional
appeal
The
reader
or audience can
identify
with the writer’s
point of view
Usually
persuaded
by a
story
Examples of Pathos
Weight loss infomercials
(stories)
Motivational speakers
State of the Union Address or
Presidential speeches
Editorials (Opinions)
The Press- Newspaper and T.V.
Examples of Pathos
Describe a story about something you’ve
seen on campus
Provide an anecdote about something that
has happened to you personally
Ask someone to look at the situation from
your point of view
Truth is…
Many of us pass
judgment
or make
decisions based on our
emotions
,
rather than logic and evidence. If
we feel
passionately
about a
message, we will be compelled to
take the next step and actually
do
something about it.
Analyze These Examples for type
and effectiveness:
1. An advertisement for a product for children states that
“Moms who love their children, buy Huggies diapers.”
2. Upon approaching a cashier at the grocery store she asks,
“Will you help starving children today by adding $3 to your
grocery bill?”
3. Referring to the United States White House as the
president's “playground”
4. Using the term “illegal immigrants” instead of
“undocumented workers”
5. When at a restaurant, the server asks you, “Can I add some
of our delicious sweet potato fries to your entree for only a
dollar more?”
Rhetorical Tools
Alliteration
Occurs when a series of
words in a row (or close to a
row) have the same first
consonant sound.
Example: "This generation of
soldiers, sailors, airmen,
Marines, and Coast Guardsmen
have volunteered in the time of
certain danger. They are part of
the
f
inest
f
ighting
f
orce that the
world has ever known.” Barak
Obama Fort Hood Memorial
Speech
Repetition/Parallel
Structure
The repetition or restatement of
The repetition or restatement of
an idea not only promotes
an idea not only promotes
clarity, but encourages the
clarity, but encourages the
acceptance of an idea. Thus,
acceptance of an idea. Thus,
other competing ideas seem
other competing ideas seem
inferior and are sometimes
inferior and are sometimes
driven completely from of the
driven completely from of the
audience's mind.
audience's mind.
Example: “…
Example: “…
serve together and
fight together and bleed
together.”
Rhetorical Tools Continued
Metaphor
The use of metaphors can
often lure someone to your
side as it illustrates strength
or weakness
Obama describes a light
Obama describes a light
military strike as being a
military strike as being a
pinprick
pinprick
and stated that,
and stated that,
“Let me make something
“Let me make something
clear: The United States
clear: The United States
military doesn’t do
military doesn’t do
pinpricks
pinpricks
.”
.”
Rhetorical Questions
A question that does not
expect an answer. The
speaker is implying that the
answer is too obvious to
require a reply or merely as
a way of making a point.
For Example: “
Can we
agree that this will not
happen again?” Or “How
can I ever repay you?” Or
“What were you
thinking?!?”
Rhetorical Analysis Continued
Allusion
Allusion
: Using historical references or
: Using historical references or
literary references. For example:
literary references. For example:
http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/he
http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/he
ndrikhertzberg/2013/01/obamas-inaugural-
ndrikhertzberg/2013/01/obamas-inaugural-
allusions.html
allusions.html
Bias
Definition:
Definition:
prejudice in favor of or against
one thing, person, or group compared with
another, usually in a way considered to be
unfair.
Which sentence shows the author’s bias?
A.
The group of people walked into the company president’s office.
B.
The people entered the company president’s office.
C.
The mob rushed into the company president’s office.
D.
The men and women met with the company president.
Which sentence shows the author’s bias?
A.
I noticed the smell of food cooking when I entered the kitchen.
B.
I noticed the bitter stench of burnt food when I entered the kitchen.
C.
I noticed that food was cooking on the stove when I entered.
D.
I noticed that both my father and my mother were preparing dinner.
Delve into the world of rhetoric with a focus on ethos, logos, and pathos. Explore the significance of ethos in establishing credibility, logos in using logic and evidence, and pathos in appealing to emotions. Uncover how these elements play a crucial role in effective communication and persuasion as demonstrated by Aristotle's insights and practical examples.
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Presentation Transcript
Rhetoric Rhetoric The art of speaking or writing effectively
Aristotle Aristotle According to Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, rhetoric is the ability, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion.
3 Main Forms of Rhetoric 3 Main Forms of Rhetoric Ethos Logos Pathos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gf81d0Y S58E
Ethos Ethos Greek word for Character Refers to the trustworthiness or credibility of the writer or speaker Persuasion may come from the writer s reputation alone, as it may exist independently from the message
Examples of Ethos Examples of Ethos 9 out of 10 dentists recommend (dentists are experts in their field- shows credibility) Michael Jordan is a spokesperson for Nike (reputation) Backing from a credible teacher, police officer, fire fighter etc (credible sources that may have previous records of integrity)
Examples of Ethos Examples of Ethos I am an A student, with a reputation of following the rules on this campus I am involved in several activities on campus and understand what we need for _________________ first-hand The Surgeon General warns that
Truth is You can t expect people to agree with your opinion(s) or be persuaded by your ideas, unless that person is sure you know what you re talking about! You need to be an expert on the topic of your choice!
Logos Logos Greek word for word Refers to the clarity of the claim Your opinion is supported with evidence, logic and reason! Your argument, above all, is logical.
Examples of Logos Examples of Logos 98% of the consumers experienced some kind of relief from pain (statistics) Out of 100 people surveyed, 90 were in agreement that (again, hard facts!) We all want a clean environment (appeal to logic)
Examples of Logos Examples of Logos Tackle football should be at ACP because it is played at all of the other Chandler high schools. The cafeteria should lower the price for a slice of pizza because I can purchase an entire large pizza from Little Cesar s for $5.00, which is less than the cost of three slices at ACP.
Truth is Truth is It is difficult to argue with facts, statistics, and reason!
Pathos Greek word for suffering and experience An emotional appeal The reader or audience can identify with the writer s point of view Usually persuaded by a story
Examples of Pathos Examples of Pathos Weight loss infomercials (stories) Motivational speakers State of the Union Address or Presidential speeches Editorials (Opinions) The Press- Newspaper and T.V.
Examples of Pathos Examples of Pathos Describe a story about something you ve seen on campus Provide an anecdote about something that has happened to you personally Ask someone to look at the situation from your point of view
Truth is Truth is Many of us pass judgment or make decisions based on our emotions, rather than logic and evidence. If we feel passionately about a message, we will be compelled to take the next step and actually do something about it.
Analyze These Examples for type and effectiveness: 1. An advertisement for a product for children states that Moms who love their children, buy Huggies diapers. 2. Upon approaching a cashier at the grocery store she asks, Will you help starving children today by adding $3 to your grocery bill? 3. Referring to the United States White House as the president's playground 4. Using the term illegal immigrants instead of undocumented workers 5. When at a restaurant, the server asks you, Can I add some of our delicious sweet potato fries to your entree for only a dollar more?
Rhetorical Tools Alliteration Repetition/Parallel Structure The repetition or restatement of an idea not only promotes clarity, but encourages the acceptance of an idea. Thus, other competing ideas seem inferior and are sometimes driven completely from of the audience's mind. Example: serve together and fight together and bleed together. Occurs when a series of words in a row (or close to a row) have the same first consonant sound. Example: "This generation of soldiers, sailors, airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen have volunteered in the time of certain danger. They are part of the finest fighting force that the world has ever known. Barak Obama Fort Hood Memorial Speech
Rhetorical Tools Continued Metaphor The use of metaphors can often lure someone to your side as it illustrates strength or weakness Obama describes a light military strike as being a pinprick and stated that, Let me make something clear: The United States military doesn t do pinpricks. Rhetorical Questions A question that does not expect an answer. The speaker is implying that the answer is too obvious to require a reply or merely as a way of making a point. For Example: Can we agree that this will not happen again? Or How can I ever repay you? Or What were you thinking?!?
Rhetorical Analysis Continued Allusion: Using historical references or literary references. For example: http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/he ndrikhertzberg/2013/01/obamas-inaugural- allusions.html
Bias Definition: prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair. Which sentence shows the author s bias? A. The group of people walked into the company president s office. B. The people entered the company president s office. C. The mob rushed into the company president s office. D. The men and women met with the company president. Which sentence shows the author s bias? A. I noticed the smell of food cooking when I entered the kitchen. B. I noticed the bitter stench of burnt food when I entered the kitchen. C. I noticed that food was cooking on the stove when I entered. D. I noticed that both my father and my mother were preparing dinner.
