Rhetoric and Characterization in Shakespearean Works
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Act II
•
Rhet
o
ric
•
Logos
•
Pathos
•
Ethos
•
Blank Verse
•
T
h
e
a
r
t
o
r
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
a
n
d
p
e
r
s
u
a
s
i
v
e
l
y
.
[
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
H
e
r
i
t
a
g
e
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
D
i
c
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
]
•
“
R
h
e
t
o
r
i
c
m
a
y
b
e
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
a
s
t
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f
a
c
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t
y
o
f
o
b
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v
i
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a
n
y
g
i
v
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n
c
a
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t
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a
v
a
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a
b
l
e
m
e
a
n
s
o
f
p
e
r
s
u
a
s
i
o
n
.
”
[
A
r
i
s
t
o
t
l
e
]
•
There are three types
of
appeals people use
to
communicate:
•
E
t
h
i
c
a
l
(
E
t
h
o
s
)
:
t
h
e
s
p
e
a
k
e
r
/
w
r
i
t
e
r
u
s
e
s
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
t
o
g
a
i
n
t
h
e
l
i
s
t
e
n
e
r
’
s
/
r
e
a
d
e
r
’
s
t
r
u
s
t
•
L
o
g
i
c
a
l
(
L
o
g
o
s
)
:
t
h
e
s
p
e
a
k
e
r
/
w
r
i
t
e
r
u
s
e
s
f
a
c
t
s
,
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
,
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
t
.
•
E
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
(
P
a
t
h
o
s
)
:
t
h
e
s
p
e
a
k
e
r
/
w
r
i
t
e
r
u
s
e
s
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
w
o
r
d
s
a
n
d
p
h
r
a
s
e
s
t
o
“
m
o
v
e
”
t
h
e
l
i
s
t
e
n
e
r
/
r
e
a
d
e
r
.
•
Blank Verse: unrhymed poetry written in Iambic
Pentameter
•
I
a
m
b
i
c
–
u
n
a
c
c
e
n
t
e
d
s
y
l
l
a
b
l
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
e
d
b
y
a
n
a
c
c
e
n
t
e
d
s
y
l
l
a
b
l
e
•
P
e
n
t
a
m
e
t
e
r
–
f
i
v
e
f
e
e
t
p
e
r
l
i
n
e
(
a
f
o
o
t
i
s
o
n
e
b
e
a
t
s
e
t
i
n
t
h
e
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
o
f
a
c
c
e
n
t
e
d
/
u
n
a
c
c
e
n
t
e
d
s
y
l
l
a
b
l
e
s
)
•
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
:
B
y
a
l
l
/
t
h
e
g
o
d
s
/
t
h
a
t
R
o
/
m
a
n
s
b
o
w
/
b
e
f
o
r
e
•
I
h
e
r
e
/
d
i
s
c
a
r
d
/
m
y
s
i
c
k
/
n
e
s
s
!
S
o
u
l
/
o
f
R
o
m
e
•
S
h
a
k
e
s
p
e
a
r
e
u
s
e
s
b
l
a
n
k
v
e
r
s
e
t
o
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
r
a
n
k
i
n
t
h
e
p
l
a
y
•
Blank verse is generally used for the dialogue of
aristocratic/high ranking characters
Focus
on
Brutus—
After
each detail characterizing
Brutus,
choose
the
letter
of the best
interpretation.
•
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
b
y
w
h
i
c
h
a
w
r
i
t
e
r
r
e
v
e
a
l
s
the personality
of
a
character.
•
Some methods
of
characterization in
Shakespearean
plays
are
•
letting
the
audience hear
the
character
speak
•
revealing
the
character's private thoughts
through
speeches heard
by the
audience
alone
•
showing how other characters
react
toward
the
character.
But for
the general. He
would
be crowned. How
that
might change
his nature,
there's
the question." (Scene
1, lines
10-13)
a.
Brutus is eager to kill Caesar
and take
his
place.
b.
Brutus has no
strong personal dislike
of
Caesar.
Arriving with
other
conspirators,
Cassius
tells
Brutus,
". . . no
man
here
But
honors
you;
and
every
one doth
wish
You
had but that opinion of
yourself
Which every
noble Roman bears
of
you."
(Scene 1,
lines
90-93)
a.
Brutus is
highly
respected in
Rome.
b.
Brutus
is held in low esteem in
Rome.
a.
Brutus is a man who
believes
in
keeping his
word.
b.
Brutus is afraid to have the
gods
witness the
agreement
.
Cassius
argues that Mark Antony should
also be
killed,
but Brutus
argues against
it
(Scene 1,
lines
162-183).
a.
Brutus
is
timid
and
fearful.
b.
Brutus will
consider an execution
but
not
a
bloodbath
Who said the following:
“
And
therefore think him as a serpent
’
s
egg—Which, hatched, would as his
kind grow mischievous—And kill him
in the shell
”
?
Why is this line important? What does
it tell us?
BRUTUS
Let 'em enter
They are the faction. O conspiracy,
Shamest thou to show thy dangerous brow by night
When evils are most free? O, then by day
Where wilt thou find a cavern dark enough
To mask thy monstrous visage? Seek none, conspiracy.
Hide it in smiles and affability.
W
h
a
t
i
s
B
r
u
t
u
s
s
a
y
i
n
g
?
W
h
a
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
h
i
d
d
e
n
i
n
“
s
m
i
l
e
s
a
n
d
a
f
f
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
”
?
Captain: Brutus
Major Players: Cassius, Casca, Decius,
Cinna, Metellus, Trebonius
What about Cicero? Should he be on the
team?
But What does Brutus Say?
1. Chain of Being: When the natural world is out of order
because the God
’
s are unhappy or are planning
unfortunate events
•
Find quote that shows Calpurnia believes in chain of
being.
2. Does Caesar accept his death as inevitable?
•
“
Cowards die many times before their deaths; The
valiant never taste of death but once…Seeing that
death, a necessary end, Will come when it will
come.
”
Pg. 73
3.
Is Caesar going to go to the Capitol? Why or Why
not?
1.
Create a list of all of the warning signs that
Caesar ignores. What does this suggest about
his character?
2.
Describe Calpurnia’s dream and Decius’s
reinterpretation of the dream.
3.
How does Decius get Caesar to change his
mind? What mode of rhetoric? Thus, what might
be considered Caesar’s tragic flaw?
4.
What type of irony unfolds? How does this
affect the audience?
5.
Compare and contrast Calpurnia and Portia.
Artemidorus tries to warn Caesar with a
letter,
“
If thou beest not immortal, look
about you
”
(3.1.6)
Do you think Caesar will listen?
2.4 Group Question
Builds suspense
Portia waits around nervously outside
the Capitol
Why do we hardly see any women in the
play?
Finish your notes:
Write a summary of Act 2 of four
sentences, one for each scene.
Act III
Scene 1
Instructions: Write down the
questions. Answer them in your
notebook (finish for homework)
and study them for the quiz on this
Act.
BRUTUS
Grant that, and then is death a benefit.
So are we Caesar
’
s friends, that have abridged
His time of fearing death. Stoop, Romans,
stoop,
And let us bathe our hands in Caesar
’
s
blood
Up to the elbows, and besmear our swords.
Then walk we forth, even to the marketplace,
And waving our red weapons o'er our heads
Let
’
s all cry,
“
Peace, freedom, and liberty
!
(3.1.180)
CASSIUS
Why, he that cuts off
twenty years of life
Cuts off so many
years of fearing
death
CASSIUS
Why, the man who
shortens his life by
twenty years cuts
off twenty years of
worrying about
death.
2. What is Antony
’
s Reaction?
ANTONY
O mighty Caesar! dost thou lie so low?
Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs,
spoils,
Shrunk to this little measure? Fare thee
well.
I know not, gentlemen, what you intend,
master spirits of this age.
BRUTUS
Though now we must appear
bloody and crue
l, As by our
hands and this our present act,
You see we do, yet see you but
our hands
. And this the
bleeding business they have
done
: Our hearts you see not;
they are pitiful
…To you our
swords have leaden points,
Mark Antony.
”
3. What is Brutus trying to tell
Antony?
4. Why does Antony shake
hands with all the men?
ANTONY
Friends am I with you all and love you all,
Upon this hope, that you shall give me
reasons Why and wherein Caesar was
dangerous.
ANTONY
That's all I seek: And am moreover
suitor that I may Produce his body to the
market-place; And in the pulpit, as
becomes a friend, Speak in the order of
his funeral.
BRUTUS
Or else were this a savage spectacle:
Our reasons are so full of good regard
That were you, Antony, the son of Caesar,
You should be satisfied.
CASSIUS
(whispers to Brutus)
You know not what you do: do not consent
That Antony speak in his funeral:
Know you how much the people may be
moved By that which he will utter?
5. WHY DOESN
’
T CASSIUS THINK ANTONY SHOULD SPEAK AT THE
FUNERAL?
B
R
U
T
U
S
B
y
y
o
u
r
p
a
r
d
o
n
;
I
w
i
l
l
m
y
s
e
l
f
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
p
u
l
p
i
t
f
i
r
s
t
,
A
n
d
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
r
e
a
s
o
n
o
f
o
u
r
C
a
e
s
a
r
'
s
d
e
a
t
h
:
W
h
a
t
A
n
t
o
n
y
s
h
a
l
l
s
p
e
a
k
,
I
w
i
l
l
p
r
o
t
e
s
t
C
A
S
S
I
U
S
I
k
n
o
w
n
o
t
w
h
a
t
m
a
y
f
a
l
l
;
I
l
i
k
e
i
t
n
o
t
.
B
R
U
T
U
S
M
a
r
k
A
n
t
o
n
y
,
h
e
r
e
,
t
a
k
e
y
o
u
C
a
e
s
a
r
'
s
b
o
d
y
.
Y
o
u
s
h
a
l
l
n
o
t
i
n
y
o
u
r
f
u
n
e
r
a
l
s
p
e
e
c
h
b
l
a
m
e
u
s
,
B
u
t
s
p
e
a
k
a
l
l
g
o
o
d
y
o
u
c
a
n
d
e
v
i
s
e
o
f
C
a
e
s
a
r
,
A
n
d
s
a
y
y
o
u
d
o
'
t
b
y
o
u
r
p
e
r
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
;
E
l
s
e
s
h
a
l
l
y
o
u
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
a
n
y
h
a
n
d
a
t
a
l
l
A
b
o
u
t
h
i
s
f
u
n
e
r
a
l
:
a
n
d
y
o
u
s
h
a
l
l
s
p
e
a
k
I
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
u
l
p
i
t
w
h
e
r
e
t
o
I
a
m
g
o
i
n
g
,
A
f
t
e
r
m
y
s
p
e
e
c
h
i
s
e
n
d
e
d
.
B
r
u
t
u
s
D
o
n
’
t
w
o
r
r
y
a
b
o
u
t
i
t
.
I
’
m
g
o
i
n
g
t
o
s
p
e
a
k
f
i
r
s
t
a
n
d
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
w
h
y
I
h
a
d
t
o
k
i
l
l
C
a
e
s
a
r
.
I
w
o
n
’
t
l
e
t
A
n
t
o
n
y
s
a
y
a
n
y
t
h
i
n
g
b
a
d
a
b
o
u
t
u
s
.
C
A
S
S
I
U
S
I
d
o
n
’
t
k
n
o
w
w
h
a
t
’
s
g
o
i
n
g
t
o
h
a
p
p
e
n
…
I
d
o
n
’
t
l
i
k
e
i
t
t
h
o
u
g
h
B
R
U
T
U
S
M
a
r
k
A
n
t
o
n
y
,
t
a
k
e
C
a
e
s
a
r
’
s
b
o
d
y
.
Y
o
u
w
i
l
l
n
o
t
b
l
a
m
e
u
s
i
n
y
o
u
r
f
u
n
e
r
a
l
s
p
e
e
c
h
,
b
u
t
w
i
l
l
s
a
y
a
l
l
t
h
e
g
o
o
d
y
o
u
w
a
n
t
t
o
a
b
o
u
t
C
a
e
s
a
r
a
n
d
t
h
a
t
y
o
u
d
o
i
t
b
y
o
u
r
p
e
r
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
.
O
t
h
e
r
w
i
s
e
,
y
o
u
’
l
l
h
a
v
e
n
o
r
o
l
e
a
t
a
l
l
i
n
h
i
s
f
u
n
e
r
a
l
.
A
n
d
b
y
t
h
e
w
a
y
,
y
o
u
’
l
l
s
p
e
a
k
o
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
t
a
g
e
a
s
I
d
o
,
a
f
t
e
r
I
’
m
d
o
n
e
.
(CORNELL)
7. What did Brutus say
to the people at the
funeral? Identify at
least two examples of
ethos, pathos, or logos
in his speech.
(Answer in your notes)
(CORNELL)
8. What did Antony say to the
people at the funeral in his
now famous "Friends,
Romans, countrymen, lend
me your ears" speech?
Identify at least two
examples of ethos, pathos,
or logos in his speech.
(answer in your notes)
(CORNELL)
9. Why did Brutus and
Cassius flee Rome?
10. What is the point of
Act III Scene III?
(answer here)
(CORNELL) - OPTIONAL
Who approaches Caesar with his letter
indicating all the conspirators and how
they plan to kill Caesar?
Who draws Antony away so that he will
not be able to defend Caesar when they
decide to kill him?
In the moments following Caesar's
death, what do the conspirators proclaim
to justify their deed?
Antony's servant brings a message to
Brutus. What does he say?
Under what conditions will Antony
speak at the funeral?
After the conspirators talk with Antony
he remains alone and asks Caesar to
pardon him for what?
(answer)
Delve into the realm of rhetoric, exploring the concepts of logos, pathos, and ethos alongside the art of persuasion through language. Uncover the nuances of blank verse in Shakespearean poetry and the significance of characterization in revealing the depths of characters in his plays.
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Presentation Transcript
Rhetoric Logos Pathos Ethos Blank Verse
The art or study of using language effectively and persuasively. [American Heritage College Dictionary] Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion. [Aristotle]
There are three types of appeals people use to communicate: Ethical (Ethos): the speaker/writer uses language to gain the listener s/reader s trust Logical (Logos): the speaker/writer uses facts, details, and information to create a rational argument. Emotional (Pathos): the speaker/writer uses emotionally charged words and phrases to move the listener/reader.
Situation Persuade the teacher to let you go the bathroom because you have to send a very important text message. Persuade a police officer to let you off without a ticket because you were trying to make it to the ice cream stand before it closed. Ethos Pathos Logos
Blank Verse: unrhymed poetry written in Iambic Pentameter Iambic unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable Pentameter five feet per line (a foot is one beat set in the pattern of accented/unaccented syllables) Example: By all/ the gods/ that Ro/mans bow/ before I here/discard/my sick/ness! Soul/ of Rome Shakespeare uses blank verse to establish character rank in the play Blank verse is generally used for the dialogue of aristocratic/high ranking characters
Focus on Brutus After each detail characterizing Brutus, choose the letter of the best interpretation.
Characterization is the process by which a writer reveals the personality of a character. Some methods of characterization in Shakespearean plays are letting the audience hear the character speak revealing the character's private thoughts through speeches heard by the audience alone showing how other characters react toward the character.
But for the general. He would be crowned. How that might change his nature, there's the question." (Scene 1, lines 10-13) a. Brutus is eager to kill Caesar and take his place. b. Brutus has no strong personal dislike of Caesar.
Arriving with other conspirators, Cassius tells Brutus, ". . . no man here But honors you; and every one doth wish You had but that opinion of yourself Which every noble Roman bears of you." (Scene 1, lines 90-93) a. Brutus is highly respected in Rome. b. Brutus is held in low esteem in Rome.
a. Brutus is a man who believes in keeping his word. b. Brutus is afraid to have the gods witness the agreement.
Cassius argues that Mark Antony should also be killed, but Brutus argues against it (Scene 1, lines 162-183). a. Brutus is timid and fearful. b. Brutus will consider an execution but not a bloodbath
Who said the following: And therefore think him as a serpent s egg Which, hatched, would as his kind grow mischievous And kill him in the shell ? Why is this line important? What does it tell us?
BRUTUS Let 'em enter They are the faction. O conspiracy, Shamest thou to show thy dangerous brow by night When evils are most free? O, then by day Where wilt thou find a cavern dark enough To mask thy monstrous visage? Seek none, conspiracy. Hide it in smiles and affability. What is Brutus saying? What should be hidden in smiles and affability ?
Captain: Brutus Major Players: Cassius, Casca, Decius, Cinna, Metellus, Trebonius What about Cicero? Should he be on the team?
DECIUS But should we only go after Caesar? No one else? DECIUS Shall no man else be touched but only Caesar? CASSIUS Decius, well urged. I think it is not meet Mark Antony, so well beloved of Caesar, Should outlive Caesar. We shall find of him A shrewd contriver. And, you know, his means, If he improve them, may well stretch so far As to annoy us all; which to prevent, Let Antony and Caesar fall together. But What does Brutus Say? CASSIUS Good point, Decius. I don t think it would be wise to let Mark Antony, whom Caesar is so fond of, outlive Caesar. We d find that he was a dangerous plotter. And as you know, his connections, if he put them to good use, might be enough to hurt us all. To prevent this, Mark Antony should die along with Caesar
1. Chain of Being: When the natural world is out of order because the God s are unhappy or are planning unfortunate events Find quote that shows Calpurnia believes in chain of being. 2. Does Caesar accept his death as inevitable? Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once Seeing that death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come. Pg. 73 3. Is Caesar going to go to the Capitol? Why or Why not?
1. Create a list of all of the warning signs that Caesar ignores. What does this suggest about his character? 2. Describe Calpurnia s dream and Decius s reinterpretation of the dream. 3. How does Decius get Caesar to change his mind? What mode of rhetoric? Thus, what might be considered Caesar s tragic flaw? 4. What type of irony unfolds? How does this affect the audience? 5. Compare and contrast Calpurnia and Portia.
Artemidorus tries to warn Caesar with a letter, If thou beest not immortal, look about you (3.1.6) Do you think Caesar will listen? 2.4 Group Question Builds suspense Portia waits around nervously outside the Capitol Why do we hardly see any women in the play?
Finish your notes: Write a summary of Act 2 of four sentences, one for each scene.
Scene 1 Instructions: Write down the questions. Answer them in your notebook (finish for homework) and study them for the quiz on this Act.
CASSIUS Why, the man who shortens his life by twenty years cuts off twenty years of worrying about death. CASSIUS Why, he that cuts off twenty years of life Cuts off so many years of fearing death BRUTUS Grant that, and then is death a benefit. So are we Caesar s friends, that have abridged His time of fearing death. Stoop, Romans, stoop, And let us bathe our hands in Caesar s blood Up to the elbows, and besmear our swords. Then walk we forth, even to the marketplace, And waving our red weapons o'er our heads Let s all cry, Peace, freedom, and liberty! (3.1.180)
ANTONY O mighty Caesar! dost thou lie so low? Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, Shrunk to this little measure? Fare thee well. I know not, gentlemen, what you intend, master spirits of this age. 2. What is Antony s Reaction?
BRUTUS Though now we must appear bloody and cruel, As by our hands and this our present act, You see we do, yet see you but our hands. And this the bleeding business they have done: Our hearts you see not; they are pitiful To you our swords have leaden points, Mark Antony. 3. What is Brutus trying to tell Antony? 4. Why does Antony shake hands with all the men?
ANTONY Friends am I with you all and love you all, Upon this hope, that you shall give me reasons Why and wherein Caesar was dangerous. BRUTUS Or else were this a savage spectacle: Our reasons are so full of good regard That were you, Antony, the son of Caesar, You should be satisfied. ANTONY That's all I seek: And am moreover suitor that I may Produce his body to the market-place; And in the pulpit, as becomes a friend, Speak in the order of his funeral. CASSIUS (whispers to Brutus) You know not what you do: do not consent That Antony speak in his funeral: Know you how much the people may be moved By that which he will utter? 5. WHY DOESN T CASSIUS THINK ANTONY SHOULD SPEAK AT THE FUNERAL?
BRUTUS By your pardon; I will myself into the pulpit first, And show the reason of our Caesar's death: What Antony shall speak, I will protest Brutus Don t worry about it. I m going to speak first and explain why I had to kill Caesar. I won t let Antony say anything bad about us. CASSIUS I don t know what s going to happen I don t like it though CASSIUS I know not what may fall; I like it not. BRUTUS Mark Antony, take Caesar s body. You will not blame us in your funeral speech, but will say all the good you want to about Caesar and that you do it by our permission. Otherwise, you ll have no role at all in his funeral. And by the way, you ll speak on the same stage as I do, after I m done. BRUTUS Mark Antony, here, take you Caesar's body. You shall not in your funeral speech blame us, But speak all good you can devise of Caesar, And say you do't by our permission; Else shall you not have any hand at all About his funeral: and you shall speak In the same pulpit whereto I am going, After my speech is ended.
(CORNELL) 7. What did Brutus say to the people at the funeral? Identify at least two examples of ethos, pathos, or logos in his speech. (Answer in your notes)
(CORNELL) 8. What did Antony say to the people at the funeral in his now famous "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears" speech? Identify at least two examples of ethos, pathos, or logos in his speech. (answer in your notes)
(CORNELL) 9. Why did Brutus and Cassius flee Rome? 10. What is the point of Act III Scene III? (answer here)
(CORNELL) - OPTIONAL Who approaches Caesar with his letter indicating all the conspirators and how they plan to kill Caesar? (answer) Who draws Antony away so that he will not be able to defend Caesar when they decide to kill him? In the moments following Caesar's death, what do the conspirators proclaim to justify their deed? Antony's servant brings a message to Brutus. What does he say? Under what conditions will Antony speak at the funeral? After the conspirators talk with Antony he remains alone and asks Caesar to pardon him for what?
