Kinetic Theory of Matter and Phases
States
of Matter and Phase Changes
Kinetic
Theory
1
Kinetic Theory
Forces of Attraction
States of Matter
Phase Change
Solid, Liquid, Gas
Temperature
Evaporation
Condensation
Boiling
Melting
Sublimation
Deposition
2
K
i
n
e
t
i
c
T
h
e
o
r
y
T
h
e
3
p
i
l
l
a
r
s
o
f
K
E
1. All matter is composed of small particles
(atoms, molecules, or ions).
2. They are in
constant
, random motion.
3. These molecules
constantly collide
with
each other and their surroundings.
3
According to the kinetic theory of matter,
the state (phase) of a substance is
determined by the interplay of two
opposing forces within a substance.
Kinetic energy
pulls particles apart
while
forces of attraction
hold them together
.
4
F
o
r
c
e
s
o
f
A
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
Kinetic
Energy
Attraction
Forces
P
h
a
s
e
s
o
f
M
a
t
t
e
r
The phases or
states of
matter
can exist in
four
phases
;
solid, liquid, gas, and plasma
.
Whether a substance is a solid, liquid or gas
depends on the
kinetic energy
and the atomic
forces of attraction holding the particles
together.
5
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Definition: is a
measure
of the
average kinetic energy of the
particles of a substances.
6
The specific form of KE concerning
Kinetic Theory
of Matter
is
thermal energy
.
Thermal
energy is
particle motion
at the molecular
scale.
Temperature is only the measure of this.
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
n
t
.
During a phase change,
temperature
of the matter
remains constant. It does
not change.
However when matter is a particular state
“say gas” the temperature can range
dramatically.
7
P
h
a
s
e
C
h
a
n
g
e
Definition: this is the
transformation of one state of
matter into another.
8
Relative
thermal energy
is what
causes
matter to change phases.
Temperature
is the
effect
that we measure
not what drives the change.
E
v
a
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
Definition: the change from a
liquid to a gas
at the surface of a liquid.
9
C
o
n
d
e
n
s
a
t
i
o
n
Definition: the phase change of a substance
from a
gas
or vapor to a
liquid
.
Ex:
cloud formation
/ What has to happen ?
Relative humidity rises to 100%
Saturation of the air occurs
Condensing nuclei must be present
10
B
o
i
l
i
n
g
12
Definition:
the action of bringing
a liquid to
the temperature at
which it bubbles and turns to
vapor.
Liquid to gas.
•
Ex:
(for fresh water at sea level) at
212°F (100°C).
M
e
l
t
i
n
g
Definition: the process of becoming liquid
or to be liquefied by heat.
Solid to liquid.
13
S
u
b
l
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
14
Defined: is the process by which a
solid
changes phase and turns directly into a
gas
without passing through the liquid phase.
•
Ex:
dry ice, snow high up in the mtns
•
https://youtu.be/6JzQ08AGuhI
<= dry ice video
https://youtu.be/7_p9LOTUIDQ
D
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
(
p
r
e
c
i
p
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
)
Defined: is the process by which a
gas
changes phase and turns directly into a
solid
without passing through the liquid phase.
Ex: hail, frost, snow
•
https://youtu.be/rM04U5BO3Ug
<= nitrogen gas to nitrogen solid
15
16
17
Explore the fundamental concepts of the Kinetic Theory of Matter, including the three pillars of kinetic energy and forces of attraction, which determine the states of matter like solid, liquid, gas. Learn about temperature, phase changes, and the phases of matter, emphasizing the role of kinetic energy and atomic forces.
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Presentation Transcript
States of Matter and Phase Changes Kinetic Theory 1
Kinetic Theory Forces of Attraction States of Matter Phase Change Solid, Liquid, Gas Temperature Evaporation Condensation Boiling Melting Sublimation Deposition 2
Kinetic Theory Kinetic Theory The 3 pillars of KE The 3 pillars of KE 1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). 2. They are in constant, random motion. 3. These molecules constantly collide with each other and their surroundings. 3
Forces of Attraction Forces of Attraction Kinetic Energy Attraction Forces According to the kinetic theory of matter, the state (phase) of a substance is determined by the interplay of two opposing forces within a substance. Kinetic energy pulls particles apart while forces of attraction hold them together. 4
Phases of Matter Phases of Matter The phases or states of matter can exist in four phases; solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Whether a substance is a solid, liquid or gas depends on the kinetic energy and the atomic forces of attraction holding the particles together. 5
Temperature Temperature Definition: is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substances. The specific form of KE concerning Kinetic Theory of Matter is thermal energy. Thermal energy is particle motion at the molecular scale. Temperature is only the measure of this. 6
Temperature cont. Temperature cont. During a phase change, temperature of the matter remains constant. It does not change. However when matter is a particular state say gas the temperature can range dramatically. 7
Phase Change Phase Change Definition: this is the transformation of one state of matter into another. Relative thermal energy is what causes matter to change phases. Temperature is the effect that we measure not what drives the change. 8
Evaporation Evaporation Definition: the change from a liquid to a gas at the surface of a liquid. 9
Condensation Condensation Definition: the phase change of a substance from a gas or vapor to a liquid. Ex: cloud formation / What has to happen ? Relative humidity rises to 100% Saturation of the air occurs Condensing nuclei must be present 10
Boiling Boiling Definition: the action of bringing a liquid to the temperature at which it bubbles and turns to vapor. Liquid to gas. Ex: (for fresh water at sea level) at 212 F (100 C). 12
Melting Melting Definition: the process of becoming liquid or to be liquefied by heat. Solid to liquid. 13
Sublimation Sublimation https://youtu.be/7_p9LOTUIDQ Defined: is the process by which a solid changes phase and turns directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase. Ex: dry ice, snow high up in the mtns https://youtu.be/6JzQ08AGuhI <= dry ice video 14
Deposition Deposition (precipitation) (precipitation) Defined: is the process by which a gas changes phase and turns directly into a solid without passing through the liquid phase. Ex: hail, frost, snow https://youtu.be/rM04U5BO3Ug <= nitrogen gas to nitrogen solid 15
