Introduction to Discourse Analysis and Semiotics

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Traffic lights
Colours
Language (sounds,
letters)
Interpretation of colours
(salted eggs, navy blue)
Used by a community
Based on convention
At all levels: word, phrase,
sentence, text
Discourse is realised by
texts
Communication happens
in text
Text is central to
discourse analysis
What is text?
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It is a semantic unit.
Something is called a’ text’
when it is meaningful.
It is spoken and written.
It is not a phonological or a
graphological unit.
It occurs in a context of
situation.
There are three elements
Subject matter (field)
Participants involved
(tenor)
Channel (mode)
Every culture produces text
types.
A text type is a genre
Two general purposes:
Transactional and Interpersonal
genres
Transactional: to get something
done
Interpersonal: for different
purposes of communication
Procedure
Descriptive
Narrative
Recount
report
News item
Discussion
Explanation
Exposition
Review
Needs linguistic analysis
Interpretation is based on
linguistic evidence
Text analysts need the right
‘knife’ to cut the right
‘bread’
Different ‘knives’ for
different ‘bread’
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Discourse, according to Stubbs (1983:1), i
language above the sentence or above
the clause” and ‘the study of discourse is
the study of any aspect of language use. 
“the study of language in use
”.
(Fasold1990: 65). 
 
Discourse constitutes the social.
Three dimensions of the social are
distinguished – knowledge, social
relations, and social identity – and
these correspond respectively to three
major functions of language …
Discourse is shaped by relations of
power, and invested ideologies.”
(Fairclough 1992:8)
 
Discourse analysis, in turn, is composed
of a wide range of sub-disciplines, such
as pragmatics, conversational analysis,
speech act theory and ethnography of
speaking. The discipline studies
language used in the context, so its
subject matter is language as a whole,
either written or spoken, in terms of
transcriptions, larger texts, audio or
video recordings, which provides an
opportunity to the analyst to work with
language rather than a single sentence.
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Discourse analysis focuses on communication realized through language and texts, extending beyond sentence-level language use to encompass social practices. Language in a social-semiotic perspective is viewed as a general ideology and conceptual angle of the subject. Semiotics is a study of signs and meanings in linguistics and culture. Examples of semiotics include traffic lights, colors, language, and interpretation of meanings. Language functions as a social semiotic system based on convention at all levels. Text plays a central role in discourse analysis, considered a meaningful semantic unit spoken or written in a contextual situation. The cultural context influences text genres, purposes, and elements like field, tenor, and mode. Understanding the context of situation and culture aids in interpreting different text types and genres.

  • Discourse analysis
  • Semiotics
  • Language use
  • Text analysis
  • Cultural context

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  1. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

  2. DISCOURSE Definition Common concern Abstract Realised in communication Realised by language Realised by texts

  3. DISCOURSE Definition Language use beyond sentence Language use in contexts Social practice

  4. LANGUAGE IN A SOCIAL-SEMIOTIC PERSPECTIVE Social semiotic as a general ideology As an intellectual stance As conceptual angle of the subject

  5. SEMIOTICS A general study of signs A study of meanings in most general sense Linguistics is a kind of semiotics Culture is a set of semiotic systems, a set of systems of meanings, all of which interrelate.

  6. EXAMPLES Traffic lights Colours Language (sounds, letters) Interpretation of colours (salted eggs, navy blue)

  7. LANGUAGE AS SOCIAL SEMIOTIC Used by a community Based on convention At all levels: word, phrase, sentence, text

  8. TEXT Discourse is realised by texts Communication happens in text Text is central to discourse analysis What is text?

  9. CULTURE Genre (Purpose) Situation Who is involved? (Tenor) Subject matter Channel (Field) (Mode) Register TEXT

  10. TEXT It is a semantic unit. Something is called a text when it is meaningful. It is spoken and written. It is not a phonological or a graphological unit. It occurs in a context of situation.

  11. CONTEXT OF SITUATION There are three elements Subject matter (field) Participants involved (tenor) Channel (mode)

  12. CONTEXT OF CULTURE Every culture produces text types. A text type is a genre Two general purposes: Transactional and Interpersonal genres Transactional: to get something done Interpersonal: for different purposes of communication

  13. BASIC ENGLISH GENRES Procedure Descriptive Narrative Recount report News item Discussion Explanation Exposition Review

  14. TEXT ANALYSIS Needs linguistic analysis Interpretation is based on linguistic evidence Text analysts need the right knife to cut the right bread Different knives for different bread

  15. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS How texts relate to contexts of situation and context of culture How texts are produced as a social practice What texts tell us about happenings, what people think, believe etc. How texts represent ideology (power struggle etc.)

  16. TEXT & DISCOURSE ANALYSES (NUNAN, 1993) Text analysis is the study of formal linguistic devices that distinguish a text from random sentences. Discourse analysts study these text-forming devices with reference to the purposes and functions for which the discourse was produced, and the context within which the discourse was created. The ultimate goal is to show how the linguistic elements enable language users to communicate.

  17. Discourse, according to Stubbs (1983:1), i language above the sentence or above the clause and the study of discourse is the study of any aspect of language use. the study of language in use . (Fasold1990: 65).

  18. Discourse constitutes the social. Three dimensions of the social are distinguished knowledge, social relations, and social identity and these correspond respectively to three major functions of language Discourse is shaped by relations of power, and invested ideologies. (Fairclough 1992:8)

  19. Discourse analysis, in turn, is composed of a wide range of sub-disciplines, such as pragmatics, conversational analysis, speech act theory and ethnography of speaking. The discipline studies language used in the context, so its subject matter is language as a whole, either written or spoken, in terms of transcriptions, larger texts, audio or video recordings, which provides an opportunity to the analyst to work with language rather than a single sentence.

  20. COMMUNICATION Exchange of meanings Happens in texts See the following diagram onn stratification and metafunctions

  21. CULTURAL LEVEL Discourse Semantic Level Textual Interpersonal Lexicogrammatical Level Ideational Phonology/ Graphology Level

  22. STRATIFICATION Discourse semantic level Leexico-grammatical level Phonological / graphological level All of these are related by realisation

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