Green Chemistry Principles and Efficiency in Chemical Processes
What is
green chemistry?
•
The sustainable design of chemical products and
chemical processes.
•
It minimises the use and generation of chemical
substances that are hazardous to human health
or the environment.
Green chemistry
principles
•
Better to prevent waste than to treat it or clean
it up.
•
Chemical processes should aim to incorporate all
reactants in the final product.
•
Chemical processes should aim to use and
generate substances with minimal toxicity to
human health and the environment.
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
Y
i
e
l
d
a
n
d
A
t
o
m
E
c
o
n
o
m
y
•
Learn how the efficiency of a chemical reaction can be
measured in terms of percentage yield and atom economy
Making only as much as we need
PERCENTAGE YIELD
and ATOM ECONOMY
Reactants
(raw materials)
Products
Most of the substances we use every day are made
from RAW MATERIALS, often through complex
chemical reactions.
Chemical reactions
Pottington
Braunton
The chemical industry is a multi billion pound international industry
producing millions of products vital to our civilisation and well being.
Chemical Engineers play a crucial role and are much in demand –
there are many opportunities and high levels of pay!
Chemical Engineers are much concerned with:
% YIELD
and
ATOM ECONOMY..
Percentage Yield
•
In industry manufacturers will want to know how
efficient their process is.
•
This can be done by using the following equation:
Mass of product
expected
from a chemical
reaction
Mass of product
actually obtained
from
carrying out
the reaction
% YIELD
is the
amount of product you
actually
make
as a % of the
amount you
should
theoretically make
+
SHOULD
make this
much
ACTUALLY
make this
much
REACTANTS
PRODUCT
%
YIELD
ABOUT
75%
Ex 1:Using the following equation calculate the
percentage
yield
of propanol when
25kg of propene
reacts
with excess
water
producing
31kg
of propanol
.
mass of
product
given in equation
obtained from
mole ratio
calculation
C
3
H
6
+ H
2
O
→
C
3
H
7
OH
Hydration reaction
C
3
H
6
→
C
3
H
7
OH
1 mole
42g
60g
1g
25kg
Step1: Theoretical yield calculation
Change g into kg
Step2: percentage yield calculation
= 86.81%
CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2
LIMESTONE (calcium carbonate) is used to make
QUICKLIME (calcium oxide) for cement making
So, THEORETICALLY,
100 tonnes
of limestone should
produce
56 tonnes
of quicklime.
BUT the
ACTUAL
YIELD is only
48 tonnes
So..the
PERCENTAGE YIELD
is only
48
x 100
=
87.5%
56
Why? –
next
slide
PERCENTAGE YIELD 1
RAM
Ca 40
O 16
C 12
Very few chemical reactions have a yield of
100% because:
•
The raw materials (eg limestone) may not be pure
•
Some of the products may be left behind in the
apparatus
•
The reaction may not completely finish
•
Some reactants may give some unexpected products
•
Some reactions involve an equilibrium
Careful planning and
design of the equipment
and reaction conditions
can help keep % yield high
PERCENTAGE YIELD 2
Atom economy
•
In an ideal reaction, all reactant atoms end up as the
product molecule. No waste is produced!
•
Inefficient, wasteful reactions have low atom
economy.
•
Efficient processes have high atom economy and are
important for sustainable development. They
conserve natural resources and create less waste.
Atom economy
•
is a measure of the proportion of reactant in
the final useful product.
•
a reaction may have a high percentage yield
but a low percentage atom economy, or vice
versa.
High atom economy
All reactant atoms included in the desired
product.
Low atom economy
Some reactant atoms not included in the
desired product.
CaCO
3
→
CaO + CO
2
2Mg + O
2
→
2MgO
USEFUL PRODUCT
(antacids, fire resistant
coatings, electrical
insulators)
USEFUL PRODUCT
(cement, glass,
agriculture etc)
Atom Economy
Compare these two industrial reactions
What do you notice about
each one?
raw materials, useful
products, waste products
REACTANTS
+
PRODUCTS
ATOM ECONOMY
is the
mass of the product
you
want
as a % of the
mass of
all
the products you make
Stuff you
want
Stuff you
also get
but don’t
want
ATOM
ECONOMY
about 50%
CALCULATING ATOM ECONOMY
Often, chemical reactions produce unwanted products along
with the product you want.
CaCO
3
→
CaO + CO
2
RFM: 100
56
44
Useful product
Waste product
A
t
o
m
E
c
o
n
o
m
y
=
5
6
/
(
5
6
+
4
4
)
X
1
0
0
=
5
6
%
ATOM ECONOMY
is the
mass of product you want
as a
% of the
mass of all the reactants
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO
→
2Fe
+ 3CO
2
160 84
112
132
Atom Economy
=
80
/ 80 x 100% =
100 %
ATOM ECONOMY
is the
mass of product you want
as a
% of the
mass of all the reactants
2Mg + O
2
→
2MgO
GFM: 48 32 80
Atom Economy
=
112
/
244
x 100% =
45.9 %
Find the atom economy for these 2 methods of extracting
copper:
1. Heat
copper
oxide
with carbon
2. Heat
copper
sulphide
with
oxygen
2CuO + C
→
2Cu
+ CO
2
CuS + O
2
→
Cu
+ SO
2
RAM Cu 64, O 16, C 12, S 32
2(80) 12
128
44
96 32
64
64
Mass of all
reactants
160 + 12 =
172
Mass of all
reactants
= 96 + 32 =
128
=
74.4 %
=
50 %
Mass of
copper =
128
Mass of
copper =
64
Real example:
Paracetamol
The non-prescription
analgesic
market (paracetamol, aspirin,
ibuprofen) is worth about £21
billion annually.
Maximising % yield and atom
economy in the reactions shown is
vital to save money and conserve
energy and resources
ATOM ECONOMY
is the
mass of the product
you
want
as a % of the
mass of
all
the products you make
Stuff you
want
Stuff you also get
but don’t want
ATOM
ECONOM
Y about
50%
% YIELD
is the
amount of product you
actually
make
as a % of
the
amount you
should
theoretically make
SHOULD make
this much
ACTUALLY
make this
much
% YIELD
ABOUT
75%
SUMMARY
High atom economy:
All reactant atoms
included in the desired product.
Low atom economy
: Some reactant atoms
not included in the desired product.
Choosing the most
EFFICIENT REACTION
to make the product
to…
Using the most EFFICIENT
REACTION CONDITIONS
& APPARATUS
to…
CHEMICAL ENGINEERS must plan to maximise:
PERCENTAGE YIELD
by…
ATOM ECONOMY
by…
Reduce energy use, costs
and conserve raw materials
Reduce waste and pollution
Ex1: What is the percentage atom economy for the
following reaction for making hydrogen by reacting
coal with steam?
C(s) + 2H
2
O(g)
→
CO
2
(g)
+
2H
2
(g)
12 g 2(2 + 16) g
[12 + (2
×
16)] g
2(2
×
1) g
12 g
36 g
44 g
4 g
Total mass of reactants
Mass of desired product
= 12 + 36 = 48 g
= 4 g
% atom economy =
mass of desired product
×
100
total mass of reactants
=
4
×
100
48
=
8.3%
This reaction route has a very low atom economy and is
an inefficient method of producing hydrogen.
Ex2:Calculate the percentage atom economy for the
reaction below.
C
6
H
12
C
6
H
12
Total mass of reactants
Mass of desired product
= [(6
×
12) + (12
×
1)]
= [(6
×
12) + (12
×
1)]
= 84 g
= 84 g
% atom economy =
mass of desired product
×
100
total mass of reactants
= 84
×
100
84
= 100%
This reaction route has a very high atom economy as
all reactant atoms are incorporated into the desired
product.
Ex3: Hydrazine (N
2
H
4
) is used for rocket fuel. Calculate
the atom economy for hydrazine production.
Total mass of reactants
Mass of desired product
= 34 + 74.5 = 108.5 g
= 32 g
NH
3
2 mol
34 g
NaOCl
1 mol
74.5 g
N
2
H
4
1 mol
32 g
NaCl
1 mol
58 g
H
2
O
1 mol
18 g
% atom economy =
mass of desired product
×
100
total mass of reactants
=
32
×
100
108.5
=
30%
This reaction route has an atom economy of
30%. The remaining 70% is waste product
(NaCl and H2O).
Catalysts
•
Have a crucial role in improving atom economy.
•
Allow the development of new reactions requiring
fewer starting materials and producing fewer
waste products.
•
Can be recovered and re-used.
•
Allow reactions to run at lower temperatures,
cutting energy requirements.
Methanol and atom economy
Methanol
•
Methanol is a potential
fuel of the future
•
It can be made from
methane
•
Methane can be made
by anaerobic
fermentation of waste
organic material
Laptop with methanol fuel cell
green technology
Methanol
•
It is added to other fuels, it is the fuel for
drag car racing and it is being widely used in
fuel cells to power.
Carbon neutral?
•
If methane is combusted in a limited supply of
oxygen, carbon monoxide forms
•
CH
4
+ ½ O
2
→
CO + 2H
2
•
The products are then passed over a catalyst at 50-
100 atmospheres and 250
o
C
•
CO + 2H
2
→
CH
3
OH
Synthesis gas
Carbon neutral?
CO + 2H
2
→
CH
3
OH
28 4 32
Atom economy
=
mass of desired products
x 100
Total mass of reactants
=
32
x 100 = 100%
16 + 16
Carbon neutral?
All the carbon in the methane is converted into carbon in the
methanol – it is said to be carbon neutral
The carbon dioxide released when methanol burns contains
the same amount of carbon that was reclaimed from the
CO
The amount of carbon dioxide released when the methanol
burns is the same as the amount the methane would have
released if it was burned completely. No
additional
carbon
dioxide results from the process.
The Methane comes from the anaerobic fermentation of
waste organic materials.
Green Chemistry
•
Look at the 12 principles of Green
Chemistry
•
How many of them apply to this
process? The catalysts are zinc oxide,
aluminium oxide or copper.
Preparation of zinc sulphate
•
Zinc sulphate is used as a paste, mixed
with zinc oxide to treat acne.
•
Aim to produce zinc sulphate and
calculate the % yield
Preparation of zinc sulphate
•
It is an astringent
– it closes the
pores of the skin
to keep out
bacteria
•
This product
contains peroxide,
zinc sulphate, tea
tree oil and sage
Preparation of zinc sulphate
•
It can also be used to prevent sunburn!
What to do
•
Add a weighing boat to the balance and zero it
•
Add between 2.2 – 2.5 g zinc oxide
•
Record the accurate mass
•
Measure out 25cm
3
1.0 mol
l
-1
H
2
SO
4
•
Heat the acid to about 50
o
C
•
Add the zinc oxide, stirring constantly
What to do next
•
Cool the reaction mixture
•
Weigh an evaporating dish and record the mass
accurately
•
Weigh a filter paper, fold the filter paper, place
in a funnel and filter the zinc sulphate solution
into the dish
•
Heat to nearly dry, then leave to fully evaporate
and cool.
•
Reweigh the dish and product
Calculation % Yield
Write the balanced equation
Which reactant is in excess and which one limits
the amount of product formed?
How much product is expected (using the
limiting reactant in the calculation)
Calculate the yield =
actual mass
x 100
expected mass
Preparation of sodium citrate %
yield
Sodium citrate is a food additive (E331)
e.g. in pepsi
What to do
•
Weigh a beaker accurately
•
Add approx 2g citric acid to the beaker and
reweigh
•
Add 25cm
3
1.0 mol
l
-1
NaOH and stir until all
the crystals have dissolved
•
Evaporate the beaker almost to dryness then
leave to dry completely
•
Reweigh the beaker
For the calculation
3 mol NaOH reacts with 1 mol citric acid
+ 3NaOH ↔
+ 3H
2
O
The calculation
1. 3NaOH + C
6
H
8
O
6
→
C6H
5
O
7
Na
3
+ 3H
2
O
2. Work out the theoretical yield.
3. Use the actual yield from your results and
the theoretical yield to calculate the
percentage yield.
Green chemistry focuses on designing sustainable chemical products and processes to minimize hazardous substances. It advocates for waste prevention, efficient reactions, and use of raw materials. Chemical engineers play a key role in optimizing percentage yield and atom economy for efficient production. Learn about calculating percentage yield, atom economy, and the significance of efficiency in the chemical industry.
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Presentation Transcript
What is green chemistry? The sustainable design of chemical products and chemical processes. It minimises the use and generation of chemical substances that are hazardous to human health or the environment.
Green chemistry principles Better to prevent waste than to treat it or clean it up. Chemical processes should aim to incorporate all reactants in the final product. Chemical processes should aim to use and generate substances with minimal toxicity to human health and the environment.
Percentage Yield and Atom Economy Learn how the efficiency of a chemical reaction can be measured in terms of percentage yield and atom economy
Making only as much as we need PERCENTAGE YIELD and ATOM ECONOMY
Most of the substances we use every day are made from RAW MATERIALS, often through complex chemical reactions. Reactants (raw materials) Chemical reactions Products
Pottington Braunton The chemical industry is a multi billion pound international industry producing millions of products vital to our civilisation and well being. Chemical Engineers play a crucial role and are much in demand there are many opportunities and high levels of pay! Chemical Engineers are much concerned with: % YIELD and ATOM ECONOMY..
Percentage Yield In industry manufacturers will want to know how efficient their process is. This can be done by using the following equation: Percentage Yield = Actual Yield x 100 Theoretical Yield Theoretical Yield: Mass of product expected from a chemical reaction Mass of product actually obtained from carrying out the reaction Actual Yield:
% YIELD is the amount of product you actually make as a % of the amount you should theoretically make PRODUCT REACTANTS % YIELD ABOUT 75% + ACTUALLY make this much SHOULD make this much
Ex 1:Using the following equation calculate the percentage yield of propanol when 25kg of propene reacts with excess water producing 31kg of propanol. ActualYield: mass of product given in equation obtained from mole ratio calculation Theoretical Yield: C3H6 + H2O C3H7OH Hydration reaction
Step1: Theoretical yield calculation C3H6 1 mole 42g 1g C3H7OH 1 mole 60g 60g 42g Change g into kg 25kg 25kg x = 35.71kg 60kg 42kg Theoretical yield
Step2: percentage yield calculation Percentage Yield = Actual Yield x 100 Theoretical Yield = 31kg x 100% 35.71kg = 86.81%
PERCENTAGE YIELD 1 LIMESTONE (calcium carbonate) is used to make QUICKLIME (calcium oxide) for cement making RAM Ca 40 O 16 C 12 CaCO3 CaO + CO2 RFM: 100 56 44 So, THEORETICALLY, 100 tonnes of limestone should produce 56 tonnes of quicklime. Why? next slide BUT the ACTUAL YIELD is only 48 tonnes So..the PERCENTAGE YIELD is only 48 x 100 = 87.5% 56
PERCENTAGE YIELD 2 Very few chemical reactions have a yield of 100% because: The raw materials (eg limestone) may not be pure Some of the products may be left behind in the apparatus The reaction may not completely finish Some reactants may give some unexpected products Some reactions involve an equilibrium Careful planning and design of the equipment and reaction conditions can help keep % yield high
Atom economy In an ideal reaction, all reactant atoms end up as the product molecule. No waste is produced! Inefficient, wasteful reactions have low atom economy. Efficient processes have high atom economy and are important for sustainable development. They conserve natural resources and create less waste.
Atom economy Mass of desired product(s) % atom economy = x 100 Total mass of reactants is a measure of the proportion of reactant in the final useful product. a reaction may have a high percentage yield but a low percentage atom economy, or vice versa.
High atom economy All reactant atoms included in the desired product.
Low atom economy Some reactant atoms not included in the desired product.
Atom Economy Compare these two industrial reactions 2Mg + O2 2MgO What do you notice about each one? raw materials, useful products, waste products USEFUL PRODUCT (antacids, fire resistant coatings, electrical insulators) CaCO3 CaO + CO2 USEFUL PRODUCT (cement, glass, agriculture etc)
ATOM ECONOMY is the mass of the product you want as a % of the mass of all the products you make REACTANTS PRODUCTS + Stuff you also get but don t want Stuff you want ATOM ECONOMY about 50%
CALCULATING ATOM ECONOMY Often, chemical reactions produce unwanted products along with the product you want. ATOM ECONOMY is the mass of product you want as a % of the mass of all the reactants Waste product Useful product CaCO3 CaO + CO2 RFM: 100 56 44 ATOM ECONOMY mass useful product mass of all reactants = X 100% Atom Economy = 56 / (56 + 44) X 100 = 56 %
ATOM ECONOMY is the mass of product you want as a % of the mass of all the reactants 2Mg + O2 2MgO GFM: 48 32 80 Atom Economy = 80 / 80 x 100% = 100 % Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 160 84 112 132 Atom Economy = 112 / 244 x 100% = 45.9 %
Find the atom economy for these 2 methods of extracting copper: 1. Heat copper oxide with carbon 2. Heat copper sulphide with oxygen RAM Cu 64, O 16, C 12, S 32 2CuO + C 2Cu + CO2 2(80) 12 128 CuS + O2 Cu + SO2 96 32 64 44 64 Mass of all reactants 160 + 12 = 172 128 172X 100 = 74.4 % Mass of copper = 128 Mass of copper = 64 Mass of all reactants = 96 + 32 = 128 64 128X 100 = 50 % ATOM ECONOMY ATOM ECONOMY = =
Real example: Paracetamol The non-prescription analgesic market (paracetamol, aspirin, ibuprofen) is worth about 21 billion annually. Maximising % yield and atom economy in the reactions shown is vital to save money and conserve energy and resources
SUMMARY % YIELD is the amount of product you actually make as a % of the amount you should theoretically make ATOM ECONOMY is the mass of the product you want as a % of the mass of all the products you make Stuff you also get but don t want % YIELD ABOUT 75% ATOM ECONOM Y about 50% Stuff you want ACTUALLY make this much SHOULD make this much High atom economy: All reactant atoms included in the desired product. Low atom economy: Some reactant atoms not included in the desired product.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERS must plan to maximise: ATOM ECONOMY by PERCENTAGE YIELD by Using the most EFFICIENT REACTION CONDITIONS & APPARATUS to Choosing the most EFFICIENT REACTION to make the product to Reduce energy use, costs and conserve raw materials Reduce waste and pollution
Ex1: What is the percentage atom economy for the following reaction for making hydrogen by reacting coal with steam? C(s) + 2H2O(g) CO2(g) 12 g 2(2 + 16) g [12 + (2 16)] g 2(2 1) g + 2H2(g) 12 g 36 g 44 g 4 g Total mass of reactants Mass of desired product = 12 + 36 = 48 g = 4 g
% atom economy = mass of desired product 100 total mass of reactants = 4 100 48 = 8.3% This reaction route has a very low atom economy and is an inefficient method of producing hydrogen.
Ex2:Calculate the percentage atom economy for the reaction below. CH3 H3 C CH3 acid H3 C C CH CH2 C C H3 C CH3 CH3 C6H12 C6H12 Total mass of reactants Mass of desired product = [(6 12) + (12 1)] = [(6 12) + (12 1)] = 84 g = 84 g
% atom economy = mass of desired product 100 total mass of reactants = 84 100 84 = 100% This reaction route has a very high atom economy as all reactant atoms are incorporated into the desired product.
Ex3: Hydrazine (N2H4) is used for rocket fuel. Calculate the atom economy for hydrazine production. 2NH3 NH3 2 mol 34 g + NaOCl + H2O NaCl + N2H4 N2H4 1 mol 32 g NaOCl 1 mol 74.5 g NaCl 1 mol 58 g H2O 1 mol 18 g Total mass of reactants Mass of desired product = 34 + 74.5 = 108.5 g = 32 g
% atom economy = mass of desired product 100 total mass of reactants = 32 100 108.5 = 30% This reaction route has an atom economy of 30%. The remaining 70% is waste product (NaCl and H2O).
Catalysts Have a crucial role in improving atom economy. Allow the development of new reactions requiring fewer starting materials and producing fewer waste products. Can be recovered and re-used. Allow reactions to run at lower temperatures, cutting energy requirements.
Methanol Methanol is a potential fuel of the future It can be made from methane Methane can be made by anaerobic fermentation of waste organic material Laptop with methanol fuel cell green technology
Methanol It is added to other fuels, it is the fuel for drag car racing and it is being widely used in fuel cells to power.
Carbon neutral? If methane is combusted in a limited supply of oxygen, carbon monoxide forms CH4 + O2 CO + 2H2 Synthesis gas The products are then passed over a catalyst at 50- 100 atmospheres and 250oC CO + 2H2 CH3 OH
Carbon neutral? CO + 2H2 CH3 OH 28 4 32 Atom economy = mass of desired products x 100 Total mass of reactants = 32 16 + 16 x 100 = 100%
Carbon neutral? All the carbon in the methane is converted into carbon in the methanol it is said to be carbon neutral The carbon dioxide released when methanol burns contains the same amount of carbon that was reclaimed from the CO The amount of carbon dioxide released when the methanol burns is the same as the amount the methane would have released if it was burned completely. No additional carbon dioxide results from the process. The Methane comes from the anaerobic fermentation of waste organic materials.
Green Chemistry Look at the 12 principles of Green Chemistry How many of them apply to this process? The catalysts are zinc oxide, aluminium oxide or copper.
Preparation of zinc sulphate Zinc sulphate is used as a paste, mixed with zinc oxide to treat acne. Aim to produce zinc sulphate and calculate the % yield
Preparation of zinc sulphate It is an astringent it closes the pores of the skin to keep out bacteria This product contains peroxide, zinc sulphate, tea tree oil and sage
Preparation of zinc sulphate It can also be used to prevent sunburn!
What to do Add a weighing boat to the balance and zero it Add between 2.2 2.5 g zinc oxide Record the accurate mass Measure out 25cm3 1.0 moll-1 H2SO4 Heat the acid to about 50oC Add the zinc oxide, stirring constantly
What to do next Cool the reaction mixture Weigh an evaporating dish and record the mass accurately Weigh a filter paper, fold the filter paper, place in a funnel and filter the zinc sulphate solution into the dish Heat to nearly dry, then leave to fully evaporate and cool. Reweigh the dish and product
Calculation % Yield Write the balanced equation Which reactant is in excess and which one limits the amount of product formed? How much product is expected (using the limiting reactant in the calculation) Calculate the yield = actual mass x 100 expected mass
Preparation of sodium citrate % yield Sodium citrate is a food additive (E331) e.g. in pepsi
What to do Weigh a beaker accurately Add approx 2g citric acid to the beaker and reweigh Add 25cm3 1.0 moll-1 NaOH and stir until all the crystals have dissolved Evaporate the beaker almost to dryness then leave to dry completely Reweigh the beaker
For the calculation 3 mol NaOH reacts with 1 mol citric acid Na + 3H2O + 3NaOH Na Na
The calculation 1. 3NaOH + C6H8O6 C6H5O7Na3 + 3H2O 2. Work out the theoretical yield. 3. Use the actual yield from your results and the theoretical yield to calculate the percentage yield.
