Chemical Formulas and Subscripts in Chemistry
•
We have been studying about elements just by
themselves such as oxygen and hydrogen.
•
If you put them together you have a molecule of
water (H
2
O).
•
A cup of water contains millions of molecules of
H
2
O.
•
Chemical, or molecular, formulas are a concise way of
expressing information about the atoms that constitute a
particular chemical compound.
•
Wait…what?
•
It is an expression which states the number and type of atoms
present in a molecule of a substance.
MgSO
4
•
A subscript is used to represent the number of each atom being
represented.
•
If only one atom is represented, there is no subscript.
•
In the formula for water, what is the subscript?
•
There is only one atom of Oxygen, so it does not have a
subscript.
H
2
O
H
2
O
H = Hydrogen
O = Oxygen
•
Usually the subscript just multiplies or shows the number of atoms of a
single element. If the subscript exists outside of a set of parenthesis
then it will multiply the atoms of all of the elements inside the
parenthesis.
•
How many of each atom are there now?
•
Answer: Nitrogen-1, Carbon-3, Hydrogen-9
N(CH
3
)
3
N = Nitrogen
C = Carbon
H = Hydrogen
•
In this image the Carbon atom is blue and the
Oxygen atom is red.
•
Write the chemical formula for this molecule.
Answer: CO
This substance is carbon monoxide
•
In this image the Carbon atom is black and the Oxygen atoms
are red.
•
Write the chemical formula for this molecule.
Answer: CO
3
This substance is carbonate
•
In this image Hydrogen atoms are white and Nitrogen atom is
red.
•
Write the chemical formula for this molecule.
Answer: NH
3
This substance
is ammonia
•
In this image blue represents Nitrogen atoms, red represents
Oxygen atoms, white represents Hydrogen atoms and black
represents Carbon atoms.
•
Write the chemical formula for this molecule.
Answer: C
8
H
10
N
4
O
2
This substance is caffeine
7H
2
O
•
Coefficients appear on the left side of a chemical formula.
•
They are used to multiply all the atoms in a compound
•
In the following formula, which is the coefficient?
•
Earlier we learned that the subscript
2
meant that there were
two Hydrogen atoms. The coefficient
7
means there are 7 times
more.
•
How many Hydrogen atoms do we have?
•
How many Oxygen atoms?
7
H
2
O
•
representation of chemical reaction in equation:
a
representation, using chemical symbols in a form resembling a
mathematical equation, of the process involved in a chemical
reaction
•
This is an example of a chemical equation. The components on
the left combine together to yield (represented by the arrow)
the component on the right.
2H
2
+O
2
2H
2
O
•
2H
2
+O
2
2H
2
O
Reactant
Product
Yields
•
Atoms are neither created, nor destroyed, during any chemical
reaction.
•
This means that the same number of atoms that are present
after a reaction are the same number of atoms that are present
before a reaction.
•
There is only a
rearrangement
•
Write out your “un-balanced” equation using formulas of
reactants and products.
CH
4
+O
2
CO
2
+H
2
O
•
Count up the atoms in the products and reactants.
•
How many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens are on each side?
Are they equal?
CH
4
+O
2
CO
2
+H
2
O
C
=1
H
=4
O
=2
C
=1
H
=2
O
=3
They are
NOT
equal
•
Since our carbons are ok we will not mess with those now.
•
However, we have half the number of hydrogens in the products
than we do in the reactants.
•
What do we need to add? Where do we add it?
CH
4
+O
2
CO
2
+H
2
O
CH
4
+O
2
CO
2
+
2
H
2
O
C
=1
H
=4
O
=2
C
=1
H
=4
O
=4
They are still
NOT
equal
•
Now we have half the number of Oxygens.
•
What do we need to add? Where do we need to add it? Is
everything equal now?
CH
4
+O
2
CO
2
+2H
2
O
CH
4
+
2
O
2
CO
2
+2H
2
O
C
=1
H
=4
O
=4
C
=1
H
=4
O
=4
They
ARE
now
balanced
H
2
+O
2
H
2
O
2
H
2
+O
2
2
H
2
O
Fe+Cl
2
FeCl
3
2
Fe+
3
Cl
2
2
FeCl
3
Cu+AgNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+Ag
Cu+
2
AgNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+
2
Ag
Zn+HCl
ZnCl
2
+H
2
Zn+
2
HCl
ZnCl
2
+H
2
Pb(NO
3
)
2
+AlCl
3
PbCl
2
+Al(NO
3
)
3
3
Pb(NO
3
)
2
+
2
AlCl
3
3
PbCl
2
+
2
Al(NO
3
)
3
http://www.citizensadvice.co.uk/PageFiles/4356/Water2.jpg
http://i579.photobucket.com/albums/ss236/mrchaize/Molecules/640px-water_molecule_3dsvg1.png?t=1254780777
http://www.resourcesgraphics.com/images/H2o-shape-of-water-drops-vector-material2.jpg
http://www.chemicalformula.org/basic-chemistry/chemical-formula
Chemical formulas and subscripts are fundamental concepts in chemistry for expressing the composition of substances at the molecular level. This article explores the significance of chemical formulas in representing elements and compounds like water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and glucose. Additionally, it delves into the role of subscripts in indicating the number of atoms within a molecule and explains exceptions like those seen in compound formulas with parentheses. Dive into the world of chemistry and unravel the language of molecules!
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Presentation Transcript
What about molecules? We have been studying about elements just by themselves such as oxygen and hydrogen. If you put them together you have a molecule of water (H2O). A cup of water contains millions of molecules of H2O.
What is a chemical formula? Chemical, or molecular, formulas are a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. Wait what? It is an expression which states the number and type of atoms present in a molecule of a substance.
Do you know what the chemical formulas are for the following substances?
For something more complicated. Glucose or sugar
Definition A subscript is used to represent the number of each atom being represented. If only one atom is represented, there is no subscript. In the formula for water, what is the subscript? There is only one atom of Oxygen, so it does not have a subscript. H2O H2O H = Hydrogen O = Oxygen
Some exceptions exist Usually the subscript just multiplies or shows the number of atoms of a single element. If the subscript exists outside of a set of parenthesis then it will multiply the atoms of all of the elements inside the parenthesis. N(CH3)3 How many of each atom are there now? Answer: Nitrogen-1, Carbon-3, Hydrogen-9 N = Nitrogen C = Carbon H = Hydrogen
In this image the Carbon atom is blue and the Oxygen atom is red. Write the chemical formula for this molecule. Answer: CO This substance is carbon monoxide
In this image the Carbon atom is black and the Oxygen atoms are red. Write the chemical formula for this molecule. Answer: CO3 This substance is carbonate
In this image Hydrogen atoms are white and Nitrogen atom is red. Write the chemical formula for this molecule. Answer: NH3 This substance is ammonia
In this image blue represents Nitrogen atoms, red represents Oxygen atoms, white represents Hydrogen atoms and black represents Carbon atoms. Write the chemical formula for this molecule. Answer: C8H10N4O2 This substance is caffeine
Definition Coefficients appear on the left side of a chemical formula. They are used to multiply all the atoms in a compound In the following formula, which is the coefficient? Earlier we learned that the subscript 2 meant that there were two Hydrogen atoms. The coefficient 7 means there are 7 times more. How many Hydrogen atoms do we have? How many Oxygen atoms? 7H2O 7H2O
Chemical Equations representation of chemical reaction in equation: a representation, using chemical symbols in a form resembling a mathematical equation, of the process involved in a chemical reaction 2H2+O2 2H2O This is an example of a chemical equation. The components on the left combine together to yield (represented by the arrow) the component on the right.
Yields 2H2+O2 2H2O Reactant
Atoms are neither created, nor destroyed, during any chemical reaction. This means that the same number of atoms that are present after a reaction are the same number of atoms that are present before a reaction. There is only a rearrangement
Subscripts are never changed when balancing an equation
Step 1 Write out your un-balanced equation using formulas of reactants and products. CH4+O2 CO2+H2O
Step 2 Count up the atoms in the products and reactants. How many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens are on each side? Are they equal? CH4+O2 CO2+H2O C=1 H=2 O=3 C=1 H=4 O=2 They are NOT equal
Step 3 Since our carbons are ok we will not mess with those now. However, we have half the number of hydrogens in the products than we do in the reactants. What do we need to add? Where do we add it? CH4+O2 CO2+H2O CH4+O2 CO2+2H2O C=1 H=4 O=2 C=1 H=4 O=4 They are still NOT equal
Step 4 Now we have half the number of Oxygens. What do we need to add? Where do we need to add it? Is everything equal now? CH4+O2 CO2+2H2O CH4+2O2 CO2+2H2O C=1 H=4 O=4 C=1 H=4 O=4 They ARE now balanced
H2+O2H2O 2H2+O2 2H2O
Fe+Cl2FeCl3 2Fe+3Cl2 2FeCl3
Cu+AgNO3Cu(NO3)2+Ag Cu+2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2+2Ag
Zn+HClZnCl2+H2 Zn+2HCl ZnCl2+H2
Pb(NO3)2+AlCl3PbCl2+Al(NO3)3 3Pb(NO3)2+2AlCl3 3PbCl2+2Al(NO3)3
