General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections at Bihar Animal Sciences University
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They may also termed vermifuge (those that
stun) or vermicide (those that
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Edectocidal drugs:
Act against both endoparasites
(Helminths etc.) and ectoparasites
( Flies, ticks, mites etc.)
e.g. Ivermectin and Closantel.
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Anthelmimtic and Immunostimulant:
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Image source: Google image
Anthelmintic
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Image source: Google image
Insecticides :
A
ct against insects ( Flies, lice, ticks ,
mites etc.) .
e.g.
D.D.T.,
Cypermethrin,
Deltamethrin
etc.
Acaricides :
D
rugs which act against ticks and
mites.
e.g. Amitraz, Deltamethrin
etc.
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General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections include Chemotherapy, Immunological Control, Biological Control, Intermediate Hosts Control, Pasture Management, Managemental Control, and Genetic Control. Chemotherapy, particularly Anthelmintics, are important in combating parasitic infections, using drugs like Albendazole, Levamisole, and Piperazine salts. The mechanism of action of Anthelmintics involves interference with energy metabolism through microtubule polymerization inhibition, leading to the starvation of parasites.
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Bihar Animal Sciences University | General Control Measures General Control Measures of of Parasitic Infections Parasitic Infections - -I I Dr. AJIT KUMAR Dr. AJIT KUMAR Department of Veterinary Parasitology Department of Veterinary Parasitology Bihar Veterinary College Bihar Veterinary College Bihar Animal Sciences University Bihar Animal Sciences University Patna Patna- -800014 800014 Image source: Google image
General Control Measures of General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections Parasitic Infections Methods Methods used infections infections are used to are as as follows follows- - to control control parasitic parasitic o Chemotherapy Chemotherapy o Immunological Immunological control control o Biological Biological Control Control o Intermediate Intermediate hosts hosts control control o Pasture Pasture management management o Managemental Managemental control control o Genetic Genetic control control
General Control Measures General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections of Parasitic Infections Chemotherapy Chemotherapy: : - - Chemotherapy Chemotherapy considered considered measures measures against against parasitic Anthelmintics Anthelmintics (Antiparasitic (Antiparasitic the the most most parasitic infections drugs) drugs) important important infections. . is is control control still still as as o Insecticides Insecticides o Acaricides Acaricides o Antiprotozoal Antiprotozoal drugs drugs o
General Control Measures General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections of Parasitic Infections Chemotherapy Chemotherapy: : - - Anthelmintics Anthelmintics: : Drugs use to expel the helminth parasites from the body of the host by either stunning or killing are called Anthelmintics e.g. Albendazole, Levamisole, Piperazine salts etc. They may also termed vermifuge (those that stun) or vermicide (those that kill). First chemical class of modern anthelmintics developed was the benzimidazoles. Thiabendazole was first drug introduced in this class (benzimidazoles) in1961.
General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections Anthelmintics Anthelmintics Chemical groups Chemical groups Examples Examples Mechanism of action Mechanism of action Interfere with energy metabolism by inhibition of polymerization of microtubules leads to starvation of parasite. Wide margin of safety and frequently develop resistance against nematodes of sheep and horses. Thiabendazole, Mebendazole Fenbendazole, Albendazole, Triclabendazole, Oxfendazole & Oxibendazole Benzimidazoles Cholinergic paralysis agonists result spastic Imidazothiazoles Tetramisole and Levamisole Acetylcholine neuromuscular blocking which result spastic paralysis. agonist and depolarizing Tetrahydropyrimidines Morantel and Pyrantel Dichlorvos, Haloxon and Trichlorphon Cholinesterase Inhibitor and paralysis causes spastic Organophosphates Anticholinergic action block neuromuscular transmission leads to flaccid paralysis. Piperazines Piperazine salts Potentiate GABA or bind to glutamate chlorine channels causing flaccid paralysis Macrocyclic Lactones (Macrolides) Ivermectin, Doramectin, Moxidectin and Selamectin Interfering ATP production in parasites by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Salicylanilides or substituted phenols Niclosamide, Oxyclozanide, Closantel and Rafoxanide Paralysis and tegumental destruction of parasite Isoquinolones Praziquantel and Epsiprantel
General Control Measures General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections of Parasitic Infections
General Control Measures General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections of Parasitic Infections Anthelmintics Anthelmintics : : Anthelmintics Effective against Fenbendazole Usually Nematodes and tapeworms Praziquantel Tapeworms & Schistosomes Fasciola spp. ( Liver fluke) and Amphistomes Oxyclozanide Fasciola spp. Triclabendazole
General Control Measures General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections of Parasitic Infections Anthelmintics Anthelmintics : : Anthelmintic Effective against Fenbendazole usually Nematodes and tapeworms
General Control Measures General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections of Parasitic Infections Anthelmintics Anthelmintics : : Anthelmintic Effective against Praziquantel Tapeworms & Schistosomes ( Blood flukes) Mechanism Mechanism of of action action: :
General Control Measures of General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections Parasitic Infections Edectocidal drugs: Act against (Helminths etc.) and ectoparasites ( Flies, ticks, mites etc.) e.g. Ivermectin and Closantel. Ivermectin is an antibiotic extracted from fermentation of Streptomyces avermitilis. Mechanism of action of Ivermectin: both endoparasites
General Control Measures General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections of Parasitic Infections Deworming Deworming: : anthelmintic drug uses in human or animal to rid them of helminths parasites ( roundworms, Tapeworms and flukes). It is a process in which an Types of Types of worms worms Round worms Deworming Schedule in cattle Deworming Schedule in cattle First dose at 10 days of age and thereafter at monthly interval up to 6 months. After 6 months of age, deworming to be done at an interval of 2 months Twice in a year in endemic areas ( before and after monsoon) Twice in a year ( January and June in calves in problem herds) Liver Flukes Tapeworms
General Control Measures of General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections Parasitic Infections Anthelmimtic and Immunostimulant: work work as as anthelmintic anthelmintic and enhancer enhancer. . e e. .g g. . Levamsiole Levamsiole Anthelmintic Action and immunity immunity Immunostimulant Image source: Google image
General Control Measures of General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections Parasitic Infections Methods Administration: Oral Oral Drenching ( Liquid or suspension) Drenching ( Liquid or suspension) Licking Licking Through Through the the feed feed: : - - Tablets Injection Injection Subcutaneous Subcutaneous: :- - Ivermectin Intramuscular Intramuscular: :- - Doramectin of anthelmintics Tablets Ivermectin Doramectin Image source: Google image
General Control Measures of General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections Parasitic Infections Insecticides : Act against insects ( Flies, lice, ticks , mites etc.) . e.g. D.D.T., Deltamethrin etc. Cypermethrin, Acaricides : Drugs which act against ticks and mites. e.g. Amitraz, Deltamethrin etc. Image source: Google image
General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections Insecticides Insecticides Chemical groups Chemical groups Examples Examples Mechanism of action Mechanism of action Fenthion, diazinon, phosmet, Dichlorvos (used orally), Haloxon and Trichlorphon Irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Organophosphates Chlorinaed hydrocarbons Carbamates DDT, Lindane(r-BHC), Aldrin, Dieldrin, Chlordane & Toxophene Carbaryl, Carbanolate & Propoxur Reversible Inhibitor cholinesterase Synthetic pyrethroids Pyrethrins, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Fenvalerate & Permethrin Amitraz Block nicotinic receptors and increase GABA release Formamidines Octopamine receptor agonist in insects Used for mosquitoes. Fly repellents Dimethyl phthalate Prevent insects from reaching maturity by arresting larval development. Growth regulators Methopreme & Triflumuron
General Control Measures of Parasitic General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections Infections Antiprotozoal drugs Antiprotozoal drugs - - Effective against Protozoan parasites Protozoan parasites Effective against Antiprotozoal drugs Effective against Protozoa Theileria spp. ( Theileriosis) Buparvaquone (Butalex) Trypanosoma spp. (Trypanosomosis) Quinapyramine sulphate and Quinapyramine chloride (Triquin) Isometamedium chloride Trypanosoma spp. Babesia spp. ( Babesiosis), Trypanosoma spp., Theileria spp. Diminazene aceturate Babesia spp. Imidocarb Entamoeba spp. ( Amoebic dysentery ) Metronodazole
General Control Measures of Parasitic General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections Infections Chemical control Chemical control- - Antiprotozoal Drugs Drugs: : Antiprotozoal Theileria spp. Trypanosoma spp. Babesia spp.
General Control Measures of Parasitic General Control Measures of Parasitic Infections Infections Chemoprophylaxis Chemoprophylaxis : :- - it it is is a a type are are used used in in susceptible of prophylactic prophylactic measure susceptible animals animals to type of measure where to prevent prevent the the infection where the infection. . the drugs drugs e e. .g g. . Quinapyramine Quinapyramine chloride Broad Broad Fenbendazole Fenbendazole etc chemoprophylaxis chemoprophylaxis. . chloride for for Trypanosoma Trypanosoma evansi evansi. . spectrum spectrum etc. . used anthelmintics anthelmintics used for for round like like Albendazole Albendazole, , infections as round worms worms infections as Trypanosoma spp.
