Food Chains and Keystone Species in Gifted Education
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(S1 Science – Unit 3: Looking at Living Things
S2 Science – Unit 7: Living things and air)
September 2021
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Students should have developed a basic understanding of
the following:
a food chain as a representation to show the feeding
relationship between organisms;
the interdependence between living things and
environment
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to understand the meaning of ‘keystone species’
to understand the inter-relationship between organisms in a
community
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to analyse and interpret secondary data
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to respect and care for living things and show concern for
endangered species and keystone species
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lettuce
grasshopper
lizard
eagle
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To see if students feel they can apply a concept/idea.
The teacher presents a statement/ question and the students
respond by placing either a red, yellow, or green card.
Teacher and students can immediately check the overall students’
responses and teacher can invite students to share their views.
Agree
Disagree
Not sure
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1.
Lettuce is at the start of the food chain.
2.
Lettuce is the producer.
3.
Lettuce is the consumer.
4.
Grasshopper is the producer.
5.
Grasshopper is the consumer.
6.
Lizard eats eagle.
7.
Eagle eats lizard.
8.
Eagle eats grasshopper and lizard.
9.
Grasshopper cannot eat lettuce because grasshopper is smaller
than lettuce.
10.
There is one eagle in the food chain.
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Eagle eats grasshopper and lizard.
Agree
Disagree
Not sure
lettuce
grasshopper
lizard
eagle
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There is one eagle in the food chain.
Agree
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Not sure
lettuce
grasshopper
lizard
eagle
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If a top predator goes extinct, could this
cause a particular plant go extinct as well? If
so, how?
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The number of producers limits the number of herbivores.
In turn the number of herbivores limits the number of
predators that feed on them.
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Predator
Herbivore (plant-
eating animals)
Producer
Bottom-up view
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Predators are the key to keeping our world green
because they keep the numbers of plant-eating
herbivores from growing out of control and consume all
plants.
Hairston, N. G., Smith, F. E., & Slobodkin, L. B. (1960). Community structure,
population control, and competition.
The american naturalist
,
94
(879), 421-425.
Predator
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The food web shown here is simplified.
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What do you wonder about the role
of the starfish in the food web?
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What other experiment would you
suggest for Prof. Paine to verify his
hypothesis?
15
8
Number of species
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removal
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Prof. Robert Paine repeated his earlier experiments by
removing the starfish in another region
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What does the result show?
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Moreover, instead of removing the starfish, he removed
other species. The result indicated that
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What does the result show?
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The photo is extracted from :
https://www.seaotters.com/2013/05/why-are-sea-otters-important-no-sea-otters-no-kelp-forests/
R
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Allen, M. (2014).
Misconceptions in Primary Science, 2nd
edn, UK: Open
University Press.
Hairston, N. G., Smith, F. E., & Slobodkin, L. B. (1960). Community structure,
population control, and competition.
The
A
merican
N
aturalist
,
94
(879), 421-425.
Paine, R. T. (1966). Food web complexity and species diversity.
The American
Naturalist
,
100
(910), 65-75.
Delve into the intricate relationships of food chains and keystone species with scientifically gifted and more able students as they develop a deeper understanding of ecosystems. Enhance knowledge, skills, and attitudes through engaging activities and discussions. Encourage critical thinking and analysis of complex ecological systems.
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Presentation Transcript
Gifted Education Section, CDI, EDB Learning and Teaching Resources for Scientifically Gifted/ More Able Students Food Chains & Keystone species (S1 Science Unit 3: Looking at Living Things S2 Science Unit 7: Living things and air) September 2021
Prior knowledge Students should have developed a basic understanding of the following: a food chain as a representation to show the feeding relationship between organisms; the interdependence between environment living things and
Learning objectives Knowledge: to understand the meaning of keystone species to understand the inter-relationship between organisms in a community Skill: to analyse and interpret secondary data Attitude: to respect and care for living things and show concern for endangered species and keystone species
Consider the food chain below: lettuce lizard eagle grasshopper
Activity: Traffic Light To see if students feel they can apply a concept/idea. The teacher presents a statement/ question and the students respond by placing either a red, yellow, or green card. Teacher and students can immediately check the overall students responses and teacher can invite students to share their views. Agree Disagree Not sure
Statements Lettuce is at the start of the food chain. Lettuce is the producer. Lettuce is the consumer. Grasshopper is the producer. Grasshopper is the consumer. Lizard eats eagle. Eagle eats lizard. Eagle eats grasshopper and lizard. Grasshopper cannot eat lettuce because grasshopper is smaller than lettuce. 10. There is one eagle in the food chain. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Statement 8 lettuce lizard eagle grasshopper Eagle eats grasshopper and lizard. Agree Disagree Not sure
Statement 10 lettuce lizard eagle grasshopper There is one eagle in the food chain. Agree Disagree Not sure
Brainstorming If a top predator goes extinct, could this cause a particular plant go extinct as well? If so, how?
Popular idea about ecology before 1960s The number of producers limits the number of herbivores. In turn the number of herbivores limits the number of predators that feed on them. Every level was regulated by the amount of food. Predator Herbivore (plant- eating animals) Bottom-up view Producer
Green World Hypothesis proposed in 1960s The number of herbivores is controlled not only from the bottom up, but also from the top down. Predators are the key to keeping our world green because they keep the numbers of plant-eating herbivores from growing out of control and consume all plants. Predator Herbivore (plant- eating animals) Bottom-up view Top-down view Producer Hairston, N. G., Smith, F. E., & Slobodkin, L. B. (1960). Community structure, population control, and competition. The american naturalist, 94(879), 421-425.
Ecological experiments by Prof. Robert Paine (1960s) Prof. Paine conducted a series of experiments to study the role of predators. He identified organisms present in a rocky shore and then he mapped out the feeding relationship between the organisms and constructed a food web. Starfish Sea Snail Sea Urchin Barnacle Chiton Mussel Limpet Algae The food web shown here is simplified.
Experiment 1 Prof. Paine removed the starfish from the food web over a two year study and he obtained the result below. What do you see about the result? What do you wonder about the role of the starfish in the food web? What other experiment would you suggest for Prof. Paine to verify his hypothesis? 1. Number of species a) 15 b) 8 c) Before removal After removal
Experiment 2 Prof. Robert Paine repeated his earlier experiments by removing the starfish in another region. The number of species decreases from 20 to 14. What does the result show? 2. Moreover, instead of removing the starfish, he removed other species. The result indicated that the number of species remain unchanged. What does the result show? 3.
Summary Based on findings, he coined the term keystonespecies to illustrate that some species can have a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment. The theory of keystone species is influential to different areas in ecological sustainability (e.g. population management)
Extended research about keystone species In 19th century, sea otters were hunted for fur trade. It is now an endangered species. Sea otters is also a keystone species in marine region. Let s do some online research about sea otter on how they work as a keystone species. The photo is extracted from : https://www.seaotters.com/2013/05/why-are-sea-otters-important-no-sea-otters-no-kelp-forests/
Reference Allen, M. (2014). Misconceptions in Primary Science, 2nd edn, UK: Open University Press. Hairston, N. G., Smith, F. E., & Slobodkin, L. B. (1960). Community structure, population control, and competition. The American Naturalist, 94(879), 421-425. Paine, R. T. (1966). Food web complexity and species diversity. The American Naturalist, 100(910), 65-75.
