Enhancing Text Comprehension with English Vocabulary

Understanding unfamiliar words can improve text comprehension. This article sheds light on nuances in English vocabulary, offering insights into different argumentation styles. It emphasizes the vastness of English language and the varying levels of vocabulary proficiency, encouraging enthusiasts to delve deeper into word nuances for better understanding.

• Text comprehension
• English vocabulary
• Vocabulary proficiency
• Language nuances
• Argumentation styles

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1. TEKSTINYMMRTMISEN TUEKSI Tekstinymm rt misess voi v lill riitt , ett lukija on suurin piirtein selvill oudon sanan merkityksest . Useat ongelmat selvi v t asiayhteydest itsest n. Esim. jos substantiivin edell oleva adjektiivi on lukijalle outo, se ei voi olla aivan mit tahansa tarkoittava sana, vaan jotain, joka liittyy per ss tulevaan p sanaan. Ohessa muutamia englannin tapoja ilmaista erilaisia argumentoinnin suuntauksia. Joka sanalla on tietenkin oma erityismerkityksens , joten alla olevaa sanastoa ei voi vapaasti vaihdella kesken n. Hy ty on ehk niin p in, ett kun n et tekstiss jotain t m n tyylist sanastoa, pieni ni takaraivossasi voisi sanoa, ett m tied n merkityksen suunnilleen oikealle sein lle .

2. TEKSTINYMMRTMISEN TUEKSI Sosiaalisessa mediassa joku sanoi, ett meni usko omaan sanavarastoon, kun luki alla olevan pl j yksen. Ei tarvitse eik SAA menn . Englannin kieless on valtava m r sanoja, kuin t hti taivaalla. Kaikki t hdet eiv t n y maan pinnalle ja silti ne ovat siell jossain. Samalla lailla, kaikki enkun sanasto ei py ri lukio-opiskelijan arjessa, mutta se on siell jossain ja pulpahtelee vaikkapa ylpp rien tekstinymm rt misiss eteemme.

3. TEKSTINYMMRTMISEN TUEKSI T m artikkeli EI ole tarkoitettu luettavaksi kirjoituksia edelt v n iltana hermostuttamaan kokelasta. Tarkoitus on valaista niille, jotka luulivat tiet v ns , etteiv t he tienneetk n luulevansa, ett tiet v t englannin kielen sanaston. Enkusta l ytyy sanastotasoja, joita ei yleisess lukio-opetuksessa voida ottaa laaja- alaisesti esille, mutta joita esiintyy tekstinymm rt misosiossa erottelemassa porukkaa.

4. TEKSTINYMMRTMISEN TUEKSI Meist KUKAAN ei hallitse kaikkea tai edes suurinta osaa alla olevista listoista. Kiinnostu niist ajan kanssa ykk sell ja kakkosella, niin sinulla voi olla aikaa englannin kielen harrastajana omaksua niit ja ottaa selv sanojen nyansseista. Jollen ottaisi n it enkun mahdollisuuksia esille jossain, tekisin lukiolaisille karhunpalveluksen antaessani teid n luulla, ett koulussa esille otettava sanasto olisi suurin piirtein se, mit englannilla on ylip t n kenellek n tarjottavana. Joten pitemmitt puheitta, ENJOY! Terv. Maxx

5. COMPLICATED Byzantine (of attitudes, etc.), complex, convoluted, elaborate, interlaced, intricate, involved, labyrinthine, difficult, involved, perplexing, problematic, puzzling, troublesome

6. SIMPLE clear, easy, elementary, intelligible, lucid, manageable, plain, straightforward, uncomplicated, understandable, uninvolved classic, clean, natural, plain, Spartan, unadorned, uncluttered, unembellished, unfussy elementary, pure, single, unalloyed, unblended, uncombined, undivided, unmixed artless, childlike, frank, green, guileless, ingenuous, innocent, naive, natural, sincere, unaffected, unpretentious, unsophisticated, bald, basic, direct, frank, honest, naked, plain, sincere, stark, undeniable, unvarnished homely, humble, lowly, modest, rustic, unpretentious, brainless, credulous, dense, dumb, feeble, feeble-minded, foolish, half-witted, moronic, obtuse, shallow, silly, slow, stupid, thick

7. INSIGNIFICANT flimsy, immaterial, inconsequential, inconsiderable, irrelevant, meagre, meaningless, minor, negligible, nondescript, nonessential, not worth mentioning, nugatory, of no account, paltry, petty, scanty, trifling, trivial, unimportant, unsubstantial

8. IMPORTANT far-reaching, grave, large, material, meaningful, momentous, of substance, primary, salient, serious, signal, significant, substantial, urgent, weighty eminent, foremost, high-level, high-ranking, influential, leading, notable, noteworthy, of note, outstanding, powerful, pre-eminent, prominent, seminal, basic, essential, of concern {or} interest, relevant, valuable, valued

9. INCREASE add to, advance, aggrandize, amplify, augment, boost, build up, develop, dilate, enhance, enlarge, escalate, expand, extend, grow, heighten, inflate, intensify, magnify, mount, multiply, proliferate, prolong, raise, snowball, spread, step up, strengthen, swell, augmentation, boost, development, enlargement, escalation, expansion, extension, gain, growth, increment, intensification, rise, upsurge, upturn, on the increase, developing, escalating, expanding, growing, increasing, multiplying, on the rise, proliferating, spreading

10. DECREASE verb: abate, contract, curtail, cut down, decline, diminish, drop, dwindle, ease, fall off, lessen, lower, peter out, reduce, shrink, slacken, subside, wane noun: abatement, contraction, cutback, decline, diminution, downturn, dwindling, ebb, falling off, lessening, loss, reduction, shrinkage, subsidence

11. ORDINARY accustomed, common, customary, established, everyday, habitual, humdrum, normal, prevailing, quotidian, regular, routine, settled, standard, stock, typical, usual, wonted ,common,garden variety, conventional, familiar, homespun, household, humble, modest, plain, prosaic, run-of-the-mill, simple, unmemorable, unpretentious, unremarkable, workaday, average, commonplace, fair, indifferent, inferior, mean, mediocre, pedestrian, second-rate, stereotyped, undistinguished, unexceptional, uninspired, unremarkable

12. CLEAR bright, cloudless, fair, fine, halcyon, light, luminous, shining, sunny, unclouded, undimmed apparent, audible, coherent, comprehensible, conspicuous, definite, distinct, evident, explicit, express, incontrovertible, intelligible, lucid, manifest, obvious, palpable, patent, perceptible, plain, pronounced, recognizable, unambiguous, unequivocal, unmistakable, unquestionable,empty, free, open, smooth, unhampered, unhindered, unimpeded, unlimited, unobstructed, crystalline, glassy, limpid, lucid, see-through, transparent certain, convinced, decided, definite, positive, resolved, satisfied, sure, clean, guiltless, immaculate, innocent, pure, sinless, stainless, unblemished, undefiled, untarnished, untroubled

13. OUT OF THE ORDINARY atypical, distinguished, exceptional, exciting, extraordinary, high-calibre, imaginative, important, impressive, inspired, noteworthy, outstanding, rare, remarkable, significant, special, striking, superior, uncommon, unusual

14. SPECIAL distinguished, especial, exceptional, extraordinary, festive, gala, important, memorable, momentous, out of the ordinary, red-letter, significant, uncommon, unique, unusual appropriate, certain, characteristic, distinctive, especial, individual, particular, peculiar, precise, specialized, specific chief, main, major, particular, primary

15. LARGE big, bulky, colossal, considerable, enormous, giant, gigantic, goodly, great, huge, immense, jumbo, king-size, man-size, massive, monumental, sizable, substantial, tidy, vast abundant, ample, broad, capacious, comprehensive, copious, extensive, full, generous, grand, grandiose, liberal, plentiful, roomy, spacious, sweeping, wide

16. LITTLE diminutive, dwarf, elfin, infinitesimal, Lilliputian, mini, miniature, minute, petite, pygmy, short, slender, small, tiny, wee babyish, immature, infant, junior, undeveloped, young hardly any, insufficient, meagre, scant, skimpy, small, sparse, brief, fleeting, hasty, passing, short, short-lived inconsiderable, insignificant, minor, negligible, paltry, trifling, trivial, unimportant, base, cheap, illiberal, mean, narrow- minded, petty, small-minded

17. NEW advanced, contemporary, current, different, fresh, latest, modern, modernistic, modish, newfangled, novel, original, recent, topical, ultramodern, unfamiliar, unknown, unused, unusual, up-to-date, virgin , extra, more, supplementary, altered, changed, improved, modernized, redesigned, renewed, restored

18. OLD advanced in years, aged, ancient, decrepit, elderly, full of years, getting on in years, grey, grey-haired, grizzled, hoary, mature, over the hill, past one s prime, patriarchal, senescent, senile, venerable antediluvian, antiquated, antique, cast-off, crumbling, dated, decayed, done, hackneyed, obsolete, old-fashioned, outdated, outmoded, out of date, pass , stale, superannuated, timeworn, unfashionable, unoriginal, worn-out aboriginal, antique, archaic, bygone, early, immemorial, of old, of yore, olden (Archaic), original, primeval, primitive, primordial, pristine, remote, age- old, experienced, familiar, hardened, long-established, of long standing, practised, skilled, time-honoured, traditional, versed, veteran, vintage earlier, erstwhile, ex-, former, one-time, previous

19. RECENT contemporary, current, fresh, late, latter, latter-day, modern, new, novel, present-day, up-to-date, young

20. USEFUL advantageous, all-purpose, beneficial, effective, fruitful, general-purpose, helpful, of help, of service, of use, practical, profitable, salutary, serviceable, valuable, worthwhile

21. USELESS bootless, disadvantageous, fruitless, futile, hopeless, idle, impractical, ineffective, ineffectual, of no use, pointless, profitless, unavailing, unproductive, unworkable, vain, valueless, worthless, hopeless, incompetent, ineffectual, inept, no good, stupid, weak

22. ESSENTIAL crucial, important, indispensable, necessary, needed, requisite, vital, basic, cardinal, constitutional, elemental, elementary, fundamental, inherent, innate, intrinsic, key, main, principal absolute, complete, ideal, perfect, quintessential, concentrated, distilled, extracted, rectified, refined, volatile basic, fundamental, must, necessity, prerequisite, principle, requisite, rudiment, sine qua non, vital part

23. FREQUENT common, constant, continual, customary, everyday, familiar, habitual, incessant, numerous, persistent, recurrent, recurring, reiterated, repeated, usual,frequent

24. RARE exceptional, few, infrequent, out of the ordinary, recherch , scarce, singular, sparse, sporadic, strange, thin on the ground, uncommon, unusual admirable, choice, excellent, exquisite, extreme, fine, great, incomparable, peerless, superb, superlative invaluable, precious, priceless, rich

25. CERTAIN assured, confident, convinced, positive, satisfied, sure ascertained, conclusive, incontrovertible, indubitable, irrefutable, known, plain, true, undeniable, undoubted, unequivocal, unmistakable, valid bound, definite, destined, fated, ineluctable, inescapable, inevitable, inexorable, sure decided, definite, established, fixed, settled assured, constant, dependable, reliable, stable, steady, trustworthy, unfailing, unquestionable, express, individual, particular, precise, special, specific

26. UNCERTAIN ambiguous, chancy, conjectural, doubtful, incalculable, indefinite, indeterminate, indistinct, questionable, risky, speculative, undetermined, unforeseeable, unpredictable ambivalent, doubtful, dubious, hazy, in two minds, irresolute, unclear, unconfirmed, undecided, undetermined, unfixed, unresolved, unsettled, unsure, up in the air, vague, changeable, erratic, fitful, hesitant, inconstant, insecure, irregular, precarious, unpredictable, unreliable, vacillating, variable, wavering

27. POSSIBLE conceivable, credible, hypothetical, imaginable, likely, potential attainable, doable, feasible, practicable, realizable, viable, within reach, workable hopeful, likely, potential, probable, promising

28. IMPOSSIBLE beyond one, beyond the bounds of possibility, hopeless, impracticable, inconceivable, not to be thought of, out of the question, unachievable, unattainable, unobtainable, unthinkable absurd, inadmissible, insoluble, intolerable, ludicrous, outrageous, preposterous, unacceptable, unanswerable, ungovernable, unreasonable, unsuitable, unworkable

29. ABSOLUTE complete, consummate, downright, entire, out-and- out, outright, perfect, pure, sheer, thorough, total, unadulterated, unalloyed, unmitigated, unmixed, unqualified, utter, actual, categorical, certain, conclusive, decided, decisive, definite, exact, genuine, infallible, positive, precise, sure, unambiguous, unequivocal, unquestionable absolutist, arbitrary, autocratic, autonomous, despotic, dictatorial, full, sovereign, supreme, tyrannical, unbounded, unconditional, unlimited, unqualified, unquestionable, unrestrained, unrestricted

30. VOLUNTARY discretional, free, gratuitous, honorary, intended, intentional, optional, spontaneous, uncompelled, unconstrained, unforced, unpaid, volunteer, willing

31. OPTIONAL discretionary, elective, extra, noncompulsory, open, possible, up to the individual, voluntary

32. COMPULSORY binding, de rigueur, forced, imperative, mandatory, obligatory, required, requisite

33. FUTURE approaching, coming, destined, eventual, expected, fated, forthcoming, impending, in the offing, later, prospective, subsequent, to be, to come, ultimate, unborn

34. PAST accomplished, completed, done, elapsed, ended, extinct, finished, forgotten, gone, over, over and done with, spent, ancient, bygone, early, erstwhile, foregoing, former, late, long-ago, olden, preceding, previous, prior, quondam, recent

35. POWERFUL energetic, mighty, potent, robust, stalwart, strapping, strong, sturdy, vigorous authoritative, commanding, controlling, dominant, influential, prevailing, puissant, sovereign, supreme, cogent, compelling, convincing, effective, effectual, forceful, forcible, impressive, persuasive, telling, weighty

36. QUICK active, brief, brisk, cursory, expeditious, express, fast, fleet, hasty, headlong, hurried, perfunctory, prompt, rapid, speedy, sudden, swift, agile, alert, animated, energetic, flying, keen, lively, nimble, spirited, sprightly, spry, vivacious, winged able, acute, adept, adroit, all there, apt, astute, bright, clever, deft, dexterous, discerning, intelligent, nimble-witted, perceptive, quick on the uptake, quick-witted, receptive, sharp, shrewd, skilful, smart abrupt, curt, excitable, hasty, impatient, irascible, irritable, passionate, petulant, testy, touchy

37. SLOW creeping, dawdling, deliberate, easy, lackadaisical, laggard, lagging, lazy, leaden, leisurely, loitering, measured, plodding, ponderous, slow-moving, sluggardly, sluggish, tortoise-like, unhurried backward, behind, behindhand, delayed, dilatory, late, long- delayed, tardy, unpunctual gradual, lingering, long- drawn-out, prolonged, protracted, time-consuming, behind the times, boring, conservative, dead, dead- and-alive, dull, inactive, one-horse, quiet, slack, sleepy, sluggish, stagnant, tame, tedious, uneventful, uninteresting, unproductive, unprogressive, wearisome, blockish, bovine, dense, dim, dull, dull-witted, dumb, obtuse, retarded, slow on the uptake, slow-witted, stupid, thick, unresponsive,averse, disinclined, hesitant, indisposed, loath, reluctant, unwilling

38. DEFINITE clear, clear-cut, clearly defined, determined, exact, explicit, express, fixed, marked, obvious, particular, precise, specific assured, certain, decided, guaranteed, positive, settled, sure

39. ACTIVE acting, astir, at work, doing, effectual, functioning, in action, in force, in operation, live, moving, operative, running, stirring, working bustling, busy, engaged, full, hard-working, involved, occupied, on the go, on the move, strenuous alert, animated, diligent, energetic, industrious, lively, nimble, quick, spirited, sprightly, spry, vibrant, vigorous, vital, vivacious activist, aggressive, ambitious, assertive, committed, devoted, energetic, engaged, enterprising, enthusiastic, forceful, forward, hard- working, industrious, militant, zealous

40. PASSIVE acquiescent, compliant, docile, enduring, inactive, inert, lifeless, long-suffering, nonviolent, patient, quiescent, receptive, resigned, submissive, unassertive, uninvolved, unresisting

41. HAPPY blessed, blest, blissful, blithe, cheerful, content, contented, delighted, ecstatic, elated, glad, gratified, jolly, joyful, joyous, jubilant, merry, overjoyed, over the moon, pleased, sunny, thrilled, walking on air, advantageous, appropriate, apt, auspicious, befitting, convenient, enviable, favourable, felicitous, fortunate, lucky, opportune, promising, propitious, satisfactory, seasonable, successful, timely, well-timed

42. UNHAPPY blue, crestfallen, dejected, depressed, despondent, disconsolate, dispirited, down, downcast, gloomy, long-faced, melancholy, miserable, mournful, sad, sorrowful cursed, hapless, ill-fated, ill-omened, luckless, unfortunate, unlucky, wretched awkward, clumsy, gauche, ill-advised, ill-timed, inappropriate, inept, infelicitous, injudicious, malapropos, tactless, unsuitable, untactful

43. TEKSTINYMMRTMISEN TUEKSI JOS EI N ILL LAUDATUR IRTOA, NIIN JOHAN ON KUMMA.