Direct Detection of Axion Dark Matter: Advancements in Experimental Techniques
Direct detection of Axion dark matter with
…..
Vijay Dabhi
Supervised by Pascal Pralavorio and Fabrice Hubaut
1
st
year CSI meeting 2023
1401.6085
10
-5
(fb)
… balanced by abundance of DM particles
stream from our galaxy halo
O(0.1) GeV/cm
3
moving at v=10
-3
c wrt earth
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12
)/cm
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~ gaz
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1801.08127
Favored axion DM
phase space
2020
2030
A
x
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p
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= 5 |g
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| / m
a
A
x
i
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n
m
a
s
s
m
a
(
e
V
)
Yellow band: QCD-
axion, i.e.
solving
strong CP pb
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1
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[
post-inflationary scenario suggests m
a
~ 100
eV
]
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>
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2
Traditional cavities unable to
probe higher mass ranges
DM candidates
cm
2
)
DM mass (GeV)
M
A
D
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A
X
:
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:
-
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p
.
(
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3
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effect
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:
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(
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+ T
amplifier
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= 5 |g
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4
To control the motor
movements
To measure motor positions
P200 : testing the piezo motors
•
Principle of the measurement: precise control of 200 mm diameter sapphire disk position with three piezo motors
•
Move the motors using a controller
•
Motor positions measured using laser interferometers and tiny mirrors on the disk with precision better than 100 nm
•
Position error
d = target position (provided to the controller) – actual position (measured by the interferometer)
Sapphire disk
Laser
Disk ring made at
CPPM
5
Motors/mechanics work at cold temperature (5K) and high magnetic field (1.6 T)
The accuracy of piezo motor positioning is close to target precision (< 10
m)
Paper in preparation
P200 : measurement results
•
The motors were tested
in 2022
at
room temperature
(DESY), at
cryogenic temperatures
(CERN), and in
magnetic field
(CERN MORPURGO)
•
I performed some data analysis to produce summary-benchmark plots of the tests
Horizontal lines shows
the target precision
The triangles show the
measured position error
during forward and
backward motion
Distance covered by motors (mm)
d
6
CB100 experimental run at CERN
CB100 booster
Receiver chain
Morpurgo magnet
Taper
L
N
A
Mirror
+
3
sapphire
disks
Wave
guide
1
0
c
m
B
o
o
s
t
e
r
Magnetic field availability was very
stable - 95% availability during 21 days
of data taking
CB100 booster
prototype
Network analyser
Goal: To understand the RF response of the system and perform an ALP search
7
The gaussian function fits very well to the residual.
This shows that there is no anomalies/axion signal
in the data.
CB100 booster
Receiver chain
Morpurgo magnet
B
o
o
s
t
e
r
d
i
p
CB100 experimental run at CERN 2023
The averaged signal observed at the
spectrum analyser. The top subplot shows
the residuals in the data due to noise.
Analysis on going … Paper in preparation
Proto-3 : disk measurement
8
Planarity of 4 sapphire disks of
300 mm diameter and 1 mm
thickness were measured at
CPPM with O(1)
m precision
The planarity scatter plot with ~500 points
of measurement. The colors show the
variation in the height of the sapphire disk
surface (in mm). The min-max variation *of
surface height is ~200
m with
52
m RMS
deviation.
All the disks appear to be in a
somewhat bowl shape.
I performed simulations of the
proto-3 setup using the measured
disk shapes to optimize the boost
factor
by choosing the disks and
orientations
Vacuum
Proto-3 : boost factor simulation
9
•
The boost factor is modified after taking into
account the realistic shapes of the disks
•
Some disk configurations perform better than the
others
Simulation using a software package developed by the MADMAX collaboration based on the
theoretical paper:
arXiv:1906.02677
Work on going … Plan to conclude by end 2023
Shape of the electric field on the
receiver side in presence of real disks
Plan for the coming years
10
10
2021
2025
2028
We are
here!!!
Proto booster
CB 100
50 cm
4 m
Booster inside proto
cryostat and 1.6 T
magnet (CERN)
Final MADMAX booster
inside 10 T magnet
4 m
Courses and presentations
•
MADMAX Presentations :
•
3 Presentation at MADMAX simulation meetings
•
1 presentation at MADMAX collaboration meeting
•
Talks foreseen at JRJC (Oct. 2023) and DMLab (Nov. 2023)
•
ED Courses:
•
Dark matter from phenomenological perspectives – 15 h
•
Ethique de la recherche – 10 h
•
Research integrity in scientific professions – 10 h
•
French as a foreign language – 24 h
•
French as a foreign language – 24 h
11
•
scientific training:
15/50 hours
•
Professional training:
68/50 hours
Backup slides
12
CP violation in strong interaction
13
14
Disk measurements with contact (mm)
X
Y
Z
15
Disk 1 faces has less deviations in the surface
measurement ( lower rms values) than disk 2
Using disk measurement interpolation 2.5 mm * 2.5 mm
16
P200 in magnetic field
P200 in cryostat
P200 tests
17
Booster calibration using the bead pull method
18
Credit: Jacob Egge, University of hamburg
19
Credit: Juan Maldonado, MPP Munich
Researchers are investigating direct detection of axion dark matter using innovative technologies like the MADMAX dielectric haloscope. The project aims to boost signals, overcome challenges in probing higher mass ranges, and validate principles through prototypes like the P200 setup. Testing involves precise control of piezo motors for movement accuracy at cryogenic temperatures and high magnetic fields. Data analysis of motor tests in various conditions indicates progress towards achieving target precision.
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Presentation Transcript
Direct detection of Axion dark matter with .. Vijay Dabhi Supervised by Pascal Pralavorio and Fabrice Hubaut 1st year CSI meeting 2023
(fb) DM candidates (cm2) 1401.6085 8 orders of magnitude QCDAxion 10-5 10-13 balanced by abundance of DM particles stream from our galaxy halo O(0.1) GeV/cm3 moving at v=10-3c wrt earth Very feeble interaction with SM O(100) eV DM mass (GeV) [post-inflationary scenario suggests ma ~ 100 eV] 3 orders of magnitude Axion coupling to photons / ma Ca = 5 |ga | / ma 2020 Helioscopes 1801.08127 - O(1012)/cm3 ~ gaz High occupancy - Tiny mass & interaction Challenge: Boost the signal Haloscopes Very feeble signal 2030 Traditional cavities unable to probe higher mass ranges Yellow band: QCD- axion, i.e. solving strong CP pb Favored axion DM phase space 1 eV 1000 eV New technologies are needed to access the mass range > 10 eV Axion mass ma(eV) 2
MADMAX : a dielectric haloscope Constructive interference (resonance) of coherent photon emission at dielectric layers surface (~leaky resonators cavities) Ca = 5 |ga | / ma Thermal Noise Booster P (W) Tsys = Tbooster + Tamplifier Inverse primakoff effect Frequency Axion mass scan : by moving discs with m precision piezo motors at 4K under 10 T (50 MHz step) Construct several prototypes to validate the principles : Name P200 Setup Goal Available 2021 Challenges : - High B-field - Low Temp. (4 K) - m precision for mechanics 1 moveable disk, = 200 mm Piezo-motor + mechanics 3 fixed disks, = 100mm CB100 RF studies + First physics 2021 3 moveable disks, = 300 mm Scan ALP around 100 eV Proto-3 2024 3
P200 : testing the piezo motors Laser Sapphire disk To control the motor movements To measure motor positions Disk ring made at CPPM Principle of the measurement: precise control of 200 mm diameter sapphire disk position with three piezo motors Move the motors using a controller Motor positions measured using laser interferometers and tiny mirrors on the disk with precision better than 100 nm Position error d = target position (provided to the controller) actual position (measured by the interferometer) 4
P200 : measurement results The motors were tested in 2022 at room temperature (DESY), at cryogenic temperatures (CERN), and in magnetic field (CERN MORPURGO) I performed some data analysis to produce summary-benchmark plots of the tests Horizontal lines shows the target precision d The triangles show the measured position error during forward and backward motion Distance covered by motors (mm) Motors/mechanics work at cold temperature (5K) and high magnetic field (1.6 T) The accuracy of piezo motor positioning is close to target precision (< 10 m) Paper in preparation 5
CB100 experimental run at CERN Goal: To understand the RF response of the system and perform an ALP search 10 cm Morpurgo magnet Booster Mirror + 3 sapphire disks CB100 booster Receiver chain Taper Wave guide Magnetic field availability was very stable - 95% availability during 21 days of data taking LNA Network analyser CB100 booster prototype 6
CB100 experimental run at CERN 2023 Morpurgo magnet CB100 booster Receiver chain Booster dip The gaussian function fits very well to the residual. This shows that there is no anomalies/axion signal in the data. The averaged signal observed at the spectrum analyser. The top subplot shows the residuals in the data due to noise. Analysis on going Paper in preparation 7
Proto-3 : disk measurement ( = ) ( = ) ( = ) Vacuum The planarity scatter plot with ~500 points of measurement. The colors show the variation in the height of the sapphire disk surface (in mm). The min-max variation *of surface height is ~200 m with 52 m RMS deviation. All the disks appear to be in a somewhat bowl shape. I performed simulations of the proto-3 setup using the measured disk shapes to optimize the boost factor ( ) by choosing the disks and orientations Planarity of 4 sapphire disks of 300 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness were measured at CPPM with O(1) m precision 8
Proto-3 : boost factor simulation Simulation using a software package developed by the MADMAX collaboration based on the theoretical paper: arXiv:1906.02677 The boost factor is modified after taking into account the realistic shapes of the disks Some disk configurations perform better than the others Work on going Plan to conclude by end 2023 Shape of the electric field on the receiver side in presence of real disks 9
Plan for the coming years Name P200 CB100 setup Task 1 moveable disk 200 mm 3 fixed disks = 100mm 4 fixed disks = 200 mm 3 moveable disks = 300 mm Analysis ongoing, a paper in making Analysing 2023 data, possible experimental run at cold and in magnetic field at CERN 2024 Possible experimental run at cold and in magnetic field at CERN 2024 Plan to analyse the calibration data and visit DESY again in December 2023. CB200 Proto-3 2021 2025 2028 Booster inside proto cryostat and 1.6 T magnet (CERN) Final MADMAX booster inside 10 T magnet Proto booster CB 100 We are here!!! 10 10
Courses and presentations MADMAX Presentations : 3 Presentation at MADMAX simulation meetings 1 presentation at MADMAX collaboration meeting Talks foreseen at JRJC (Oct. 2023) and DMLab (Nov. 2023) ED Courses: Dark matter from phenomenological perspectives 15 h Ethique de la recherche 10 h Research integrity in scientific professions 10 h French as a foreign language 24 h French as a foreign language 24 h scientific training: 15/50 hours Professional training: 68/50 hours 11
CP violation in strong interaction QCD Lagrangian has CP violating terms It should lead to a neutron magnetic moment (dN) of O(10-16) e cm ? Current experiments give upper bound of dN < 10-26 e cm ? leading to |?| < 10-10 Strong CP problem: Why is the value of ? so small? Peccei Quinn mechanism: introduction of a new symmetry which is broken at some energy scale to generate a goldstone boson called Axion Solves the strong CP problem 13
Disk measurements with contact (mm) Z X Y 14
Using disk measurement interpolation 2.5 mm * 2.5 mm Disk 1 faces has less deviations in the surface measurement ( lower rms values) than disk 2 15
P200 in cryostat P200 tests P200 in magnetic field 16
18 Credit: Jacob Egge, University of hamburg
19 Credit: Juan Maldonado, MPP Munich
