Coordination Complexes and Transition Metals
Chem. 1B – 11/15 Lecture
Announcements
•
Today’s Lecture
–
Transition Elements (Ch. 24)
•
Coordination Complexes
–
Ligand types (last time)
–
Geometries
–
Naming
–
Isomers
•
Bonding in Coordination Complexes - Theory
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex
–
Covered previously (to some degree as
complex ions) in Chapter 16, but focus now
is on molecular scale view
–
Coordination complexes consist of:
•
metal ion (typically same charge as will exist in
water although stability of different oxidation
states – such as Fe
2+
vs. Fe
3+
can change)
•
ligand(s)
•
counter ions (not part of complex, but associated
with complex ion)
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – cont.
–
Both the metal (covered more later in the
chapter) and ligand affect the type of
coordination complex formed
–
Types of ligands:
•
monodentate (one metal – ligand bond per
ligand)
•
bidentate (two metal – ligand bonds per ligand –
so requires to parts of ligand capable of acting as
Lewis bases)
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – cont.
–
Examples: Ag(NH
3
)
2
+
= [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
–
Ni(C
2
O
4
)
2-
H
3
N-Ag-NH
3
linear structure –
uncharged monodentate ligand
oxalate is a bidentate
ligand and forms a
“square planar” complex
(view from above)
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex - Geometries and
numbers of ligands
–
Most Common Geometries:
•
Linear (with two ligands)
–
example:
H
3
N-Ag-NH
3
•
Square Planar (4 ligand bonds)
–
example: [PtCl
4
]
2-
•
Tetrahedral (4 ligand bonds)
–
example: [Zn(OH)
4
]
2-
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex - Geometries and
numbers of ligands
–
Most Common Geometries:
•
Octahedral (with six ligand bonds – note
octahedral refers to 8 sides, even though 6
corners)
–
example: [Co(H
2
O)
6
]
2+
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex - Geometries and
numbers of ligands – Example Questions
–
Cobalt(II) forms a complex with three
bidentate oxalate ligands. What is the
geometry?
–
Mercury reacts with 4 I
-
ligands. What
geometries are possible?
–
1 EDTA ligand forms an octahedral complex
with Ni
2+
. EDTA is a _____ dentate ligand
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex - Geometries and
numbers of ligands – More Questions
–
What is the metal oxidation state and
number of ligands + ligand bonds for the
following compounds:
1. Mg[HgCl
4
]
2. [Co(NH
3
)
5
Cl]NO
3
3. Na
2
[Cu(ox)
2
] (ox = C
2
O
4
2-
)
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – Naming
Compounds
–
Naming ligands:
•
Neutral ligands are given molecule names (e.g.
ethylenediamine) except for:
–
H
2
O = aqua
–
NH
3
= ammine
–
CO = carbonyl
•
Anionic ligands are changed from anion:
–
-ide becomes -o
–
-ate becomes -ato
–
-ite becomes -ito
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – Naming
Compounds
–
Naming ligands:
•
List names of ligands in alphabetical order before
cation name
•
Prefixes used to indicate number of ligands (di-,
tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-) or bis- , tris- if ligand
name already has prefix or for polydentate
•
Metal names (Depends on complex charge):
–
Cations (metal name same as in ionic compounds)
–
Anions (metal – or Latin root – ending in ate)
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – Naming
Compounds
–
Naming ligands – information for exam:
•
Too much to expect you to know all naming rules
listed
•
Should know all 4
th
row elements plus d8 to d10
5
th
and 6
th
row elements
•
Focus on main rules: ligands names plus 3
exceptions at top of guidelines, di- to hexa-
prefixes, will give table of Latin roots (e.g.
ferrate) if needed
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – Naming
Compounds – Examples:
–
[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
=
–
[Pt(ox)
2
]
2-
=
–
[Fe(NH
3
)
4
Br
2
]Cl =
–
Tetracyanozincate =
–
Pentaaquabromonickel(II) =
–
Sodium diaquatetrachlorovanadate(III) =
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – Isomers
–
What are isomers?
•
Have same formula but are somehow different
–
Structural isomers
•
Have different connections between atoms
•
Examples:
- [Fe(NH
3
)
5
Br]Cl vs. [Fe(NH
3
)
5
Cl]Br (switch of counter
ion with binding ion)
- :C
Ξ
N: ligands can bind at C (cyano) or N (isocyano)
side
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – Isomers
–
Stereoisomers
•
Due to different neighboring ligands
•
Examples: [Pt(Cl)
2
(Br)
2
]
2-
(square planar)
Pt
Br
Cl
Cl
Br
Trans
isomer – like
ligands apart
Pt
Br
Cl
Cl
Br
Cis
isomer – like
ligands together
These will have slight differences in properties
(
cis
has slight net dipole moment while
trans
does not)
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – Isomers
–
Stereoisomers – cont.
•
For tetrahedral compounds, MX
2
Y
2
have only one
isomer (X is same distance to other X and other
Ys)
•
For octahedral compounds, MX
4
Y
2
, also has cis-
trans- isomers (guess which is trans)
M
X
X
X
X
Y
Y
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – Isomers
–
Stereoisomers – cont.
•
For octahedral compounds, MX
3
Y
3
, also has fac-
(for face) and mer- isomers (for meridinal)
M
Y
X
X
X
Y
Y
M
X
X
Y
X
Y
Y
fac
mer
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – Isomers
–
Stereoisomers – cont.
•
The stereoisomers mentioned so are geometric
isomers that will have different properties (even if
only slight differences)
•
Another class is optical isomers, which have
(mostly) identical properties; except that each
isomer will rotate light differently (and can
interact differently with other “chiral” molecules)
•
A test for an optical isomer is if its mirror image is
non-superimposeable (unique)
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – Isomers
–
Optical Isomers (examples)
•
MX
2
Y
2
– two or one optical isomer?
•
MABCD – two or one optical isomer?
mirror
120 rotation about Z axis
gives back original
structure
mirror
Not the same – if we
line up A-M-D, B and C
are reversed
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – Isomers
–
Questions
1.
Which of the following ligands will have
linkage isomers?
a)
NH
3
b) CN
-
c) H
2
O
d) SCN
-
e) C
2
O
4
2-
2.
In what way is [Cr(NH
3
)
5
Br]Cl
2
different from
[Cr(NH
3
)
5
Cl]BrCl?
3.
How many different isomers are present for
the square planar compound [Pt(NH
3
)
2
ClBr]?
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – Bonding Theory
–
Valence Bond Theory and Crystal Field
Theory
–
For covalent bonds (valence bond theory)
overlap occurs between atomic orbitals from
each atom (e.g. 1s in H and sp
3
hybrid
orbitals in C in CH
4
)
–
For coordination compounds, however,
electrons come fully from ligands
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – Bonding Theory
– cont.
–
For example, in [Zn(OH)
4
]
2-
, bonding orbitals
can come from empty 4sp
3
on Zn
2+
and filled
2p orbitals on O. (All electrons from O)
–
However, for square planar and octahedral
complexes, non empty d orbitals play a role
(hybrid orbitals must have d character)
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – Bonding Theory
– cont.
–
To understand how electrons in the d shells
influence bonding, we must understand the
shapes of d orbitals
–
Two different classes of d orbitals occurs
•
Off axes orbitals
d
xy
– lies
in xy
plane
d
xz
d
yz
Chapter 24 Transition Metals
•
Coordination Complex – Bonding Theory
– cont.
–
Two different classes of d orbitals occurs
•
On axes orbitals
d
x^2 – y^2
d
z^2
Today's lecture covers transition elements, coordination complexes, ligand types, geometries, naming, isomers, and bonding in coordination complexes. Transition metals form coordination complexes with metal ions, ligands, and counter ions. The types of ligands include monodentate and bidentate ligands, which influence the coordination complex formed. Examples and common geometries like linear, square planar, tetrahedral, and octahedral are discussed with visual representations.
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Presentation Transcript
Announcements Today s Lecture Transition Elements (Ch. 24) Coordination Complexes Ligand types (last time) Geometries Naming Isomers Bonding in Coordination Complexes - Theory
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Covered previously (to some degree as complex ions) in Chapter 16, but focus now is on molecular scale view Coordination complexes consist of: metal ion (typically same charge as will exist in water although stability of different oxidation states such as Fe2+vs. Fe3+can change) ligand(s) counter ions (not part of complex, but associated with complex ion)
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex cont. Both the metal (covered more later in the chapter) and ligand affect the type of coordination complex formed Types of ligands: monodentate (one metal ligand bond per ligand) bidentate (two metal ligand bonds per ligand so requires to parts of ligand capable of acting as Lewis bases)
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex cont. Examples: Ag(NH3)2+= [Ag(NH3)2]+ H3N-Ag-NH3 linear structure uncharged monodentate ligand Ni(C2O4)2- O O- O- O oxalate is a bidentate ligand and forms a square planar complex (view from above) Ni2+ O- O O- O
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex - Geometries and numbers of ligands Most Common Geometries: Linear (with two ligands) example: H3N-Ag-NH3 Square Planar (4 ligand bonds) example: [PtCl4]2- Tetrahedral (4 ligand bonds) example: [Zn(OH)4]2- Cl Pt2- Cl Cl Cl OH Zn OH HO OH
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex - Geometries and numbers of ligands Most Common Geometries: Octahedral (with six ligand bonds note octahedral refers to 8 sides, even though 6 corners) example: [Co(H2O)6]2+ H2O OH2 Co H2O H2O OH2 H2O
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex - Geometries and numbers of ligands Example Questions Cobalt(II) forms a complex with three bidentate oxalate ligands. What is the geometry? Mercury reacts with 4 I- ligands. What geometries are possible? 1 EDTA ligand forms an octahedral complex with Ni2+. EDTA is a _____ dentate ligand
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex - Geometries and numbers of ligands More Questions What is the metal oxidation state and number of ligands + ligand bonds for the following compounds: 1. Mg[HgCl4] 2. [Co(NH3)5Cl]NO3 3. Na2[Cu(ox)2] (ox = C2O42-)
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Naming Compounds Naming ligands: Neutral ligands are given molecule names (e.g. ethylenediamine) except for: H2O = aqua NH3 = ammine CO = carbonyl Anionic ligands are changed from anion: -ide becomes -o -ate becomes -ato -ite becomes -ito
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Naming Compounds Naming ligands: List names of ligands in alphabetical order before cation name Prefixes used to indicate number of ligands (di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-) or bis- , tris- if ligand name already has prefix or for polydentate Metal names (Depends on complex charge): Cations (metal name same as in ionic compounds) Anions (metal or Latin root ending in ate)
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Naming Compounds Naming ligands information for exam: Too much to expect you to know all naming rules listed Should know all 4th row elements plus d8 to d10 5th and 6th row elements Focus on main rules: ligands names plus 3 exceptions at top of guidelines, di- to hexa- prefixes, will give table of Latin roots (e.g. ferrate) if needed
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Naming Compounds Examples: [Ag(NH3)2]+ = [Pt(ox)2]2- = [Fe(NH3)4Br2]Cl = Tetracyanozincate = Pentaaquabromonickel(II) = Sodium diaquatetrachlorovanadate(III) =
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Isomers What are isomers? Have same formula but are somehow different Structural isomers Have different connections between atoms Examples: - [Fe(NH3)5Br]Cl vs. [Fe(NH3)5Cl]Br (switch of counter ion with binding ion) - :C N: ligands can bind at C (cyano) or N (isocyano) side
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Isomers Stereoisomers Due to different neighboring ligands Examples: [Pt(Cl)2(Br)2]2- (square planar) Trans isomer like ligands apart Cis isomer like ligands together Br Br Pt Pt Cl Br Cl Cl Cl Br These will have slight differences in properties (cis has slight net dipole moment while trans does not)
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Isomers Stereoisomers cont. For tetrahedral compounds, MX2Y2 have only one isomer (X is same distance to other X and other Ys) For octahedral compounds, MX4Y2, also has cis- trans- isomers (guess which is trans) X X Y Y X X M X Y M X M X Y Y X X X Y
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Isomers Stereoisomers cont. For octahedral compounds, MX3Y3, also has fac- (for face) and mer- isomers (for meridinal) mer fac X Y Y Y Y M X Y M X Y X X X
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Isomers Stereoisomers cont. The stereoisomers mentioned so are geometric isomers that will have different properties (even if only slight differences) Another class is optical isomers, which have (mostly) identical properties; except that each isomer will rotate light differently (and can interact differently with other chiral molecules) A test for an optical isomer is if its mirror image is non-superimposeable (unique)
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Isomers Optical Isomers (examples) MX2Y2 two or one optical isomer? MABCD two or one optical isomer? Not the same if we line up A-M-D, B and C are reversed 120 rotation about Z axis gives back original structure mirror mirror X A A X M M M X M D Y D B B Y X Y C C Y
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Isomers Questions 1. Which of the following ligands will have linkage isomers? a) NH3 b) CN- e) C2O42- 2. In what way is [Cr(NH3)5Br]Cl2 different from [Cr(NH3)5Cl]BrCl? 3. How many different isomers are present for the square planar compound [Pt(NH3)2ClBr]? c) H2O d) SCN-
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Bonding Theory Valence Bond Theory and Crystal Field Theory For covalent bonds (valence bond theory) overlap occurs between atomic orbitals from each atom (e.g. 1s in H and sp3 hybrid orbitals in C in CH4) For coordination compounds, however, electrons come fully from ligands
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Bonding Theory cont. For example, in [Zn(OH)4]2-, bonding orbitals can come from empty 4sp3 on Zn2+ and filled 2p orbitals on O. (All electrons from O) However, for square planar and octahedral complexes, non empty d orbitals play a role (hybrid orbitals must have d character)
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Bonding Theory cont. To understand how electrons in the d shells influence bonding, we must understand the shapes of d orbitals Two different classes of d orbitals occurs Off axes orbitals dxz dyz z z z y y y dxy lies in xy plane x x x
Chapter 24 Transition Metals Coordination Complex Bonding Theory cont. Two different classes of d orbitals occurs On axes orbitals dz^2 dx^2 y^2 z z y y x x
