Connective Tissues: Characteristics, Classification, and Types
General Characteristics
•
1. Embryologic origin – develop only from
mesoderm
•
2. the connective tissues consist of cells and
intercellular matter secreted by the cells
•
3. connective tissues are highly vascularized
•
4. generally function to connect and support
the other tissues of the body
Classification of Connective Tissues
•
1. based on the type of cell or cells
•
2. based on the type of intercellular matter
found between the cells
Types of Connective Tissue
•
1. Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue
•
a. cells present
•
(1) fibroblasts
•
- principal type of cell
•
- secrete proteins into the spaces
between the cells
–
(2) macrophages – big eater, swallow bacteria,
viruses
–
engulf foreign agents
•
(3) mast cells – secrete histamine & other
chemical mediators of inflammation
Local Inflammation
•
(1) local dilation of blood vessels = erythema
•
(in the injured area)
•
(2) local increased permeability of blood
vessels = swelling (edema)
•
- more leaky
•
(3) local stimulation of pain fibers = pain
•
b. intercellular matter
•
(1) protein gel (much like “Jello”) containing
protein fibers
•
(a) collagen protein fibers – confer strength
to the tissue
(b) elastin protein fibers – confer elasticity to the
tissue
(2) All proteins are synthesized and secreted by the
fibroblasts
•
c. Areolar connective tissue is the most widely
distributed tissue in the body serving to
support and nourish (via the blood vessels)
the other tissues of the body
Adipose (Fat Tissue)
a.
Cells present
- closely packed adipose (fat) cells, each
containing a large fat-filled vacuole
b. Intercellular Matter:
- small amount of protein fibers, secreted by
the fat cells
c. Adipose tissue provides a reservoir of food
(for energy), insulates against heat loss,
supports and protects the organs it encloses
Fat Tissue (Adipose)
•
Location
•
(1) under the skin (subcutaneous fat)
•
(2) around the kidneys and eyeballs
•
(3) buttocks and breasts
•
Fat cells secrete a little bit of collagen
3. Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue
•
a) cells present
•
- fibroblasts
•
b) intercellular matter
•
- principally collagen protein fibers, secreted
by the fibroblasts, which confers strength to
the tissue
•
c) there are 2 sub-types of Dense Fibrous
Connective tissue based upon how the protein
fibers are arranged
Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue
•
Is simpler than areolar connective tissue
•
Contains fibroblasts and collagen
2 types of Dense Fibrous Connective
Tissue
•
1. Dense Regularly-Arranged Fibrous
Connective Tissue – collagen is arranged in
one direction so it means it is really strong in
one direction
•
2. Dense Irregularly-Arranged Fibrous
Connective Tissue – the collagen is running all
around so it is relatively strong in all directions
Dense Regularly-Arranged Fibrous
Connective Tissue
Dense Irregularly-Arranged Fibrous
Connective Tissue
(1) Regularly Arranged Dense Fibrous
Connective Tissue
•
(a) the protein fibers are arranged in parallel
bundles
•
(b) locations:
•
(1) tendons – cords that connect muscles to
bones
•
(2) ligaments – cords that connect bones
together
•
* it is the collagen that makes them strong
Other locations for regularly arranged
dense fibrous connective tissue
•
(3) dura mater – fibrous connective tissue that
encloses the brain and spinal cord
•
- tough mother
•
- it is one of the layers around the brain and
spinal cord
•
(4) fascia – fibrous connective tissue that
encloses muscles
•
(5) perichondrium and periosteum – fibrous
connective tissue that encloses cartilage and
bones
Irregularly Arranged Dense Fibrous
Connective Tissue
•
(a) the protein fibers are interwoven, running
in all directions
•
(b) location:
•
(1) dermis of the skin
•
(2) scar tissue
Scar Tissue
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Non Keratinized
Epithelium
Stratified Squamous (Keratinized)
•
4. Cartilage – unusual connective tissue
•
- no blood vessels, that is why they do not
heal very well
a. cells present:
- chondrocytes, usually arranged in groupings of
2 to 4 cells, surrounded by a pocket of fluid called a
lacuna
b. intercellular matter:
- protein gel (much like “Jello”) containing
protein fibers
•
c. cartilage contains no blood vessels (non-
vascular), and is thus an exception to the
general pattern of connective tissue
•
d. cartilage tissue is capable of growing in
both length and width (thickness)
•
e. there are 3 sub-types of cartilage (based
upon the nature of the intercellular matter):
(1) Hyaline Cartilage
•
(a) the intercellular matter is made up of a gel
membrane with collagen protein fibers
(secreted by the chondrocytes)
•
(b) locations
•
(1) the embryonic lung bones of the body
•
(2) front of the nose
•
(3) the trachea & larynx
(2) Fibrocartilage
•
(a) the intercellular matter is made-up of a gel
containing large bundles of collagen protein
fibers
•
(b) locations:
•
- the intervertebral disks
(3) Elastic Cartilage
•
(a) the intercellular matter is made up of a gel
containing elastin protein fibers
•
(b) locations – the external ear
•
* Hardest is bone followed by fibrocartilage
Bone Tissue
•
a. cells present
•
- osteocytes, each surrounded by a pocket of
fluid called a lacuna
•
b. intercellular matter:
•
(1) calcium salts (calcium phosphate &
calcium carbonate) or (Ca(PO
4
)
2
& CaCO
3
)
•
(2) collagen protein fibers interwoven in the
calcium salts
•
c. bone tissues are highly vascularized
•
d. bone tissue is only capable of growing in
width (thickness)
•
e. there are 3 subtypes of Bone Tissue (based
upon its organization):
•
a. Compact Bone – need to recognize under a
microscope
•
- the osteocytes are arranged in concentric
circles, called Haversian Systems
•
b. Spongy (Cancellous) Bone Tissue
•
- the osteocytes are arranged in a spongy
network
2 types of Bone Cells
•
Calcitonin – Osteoblasts (Osteocytes) –
secrete calcium mineral = form bone tissue
(ossification)
•
Parathyroid Hormone – Osteoclasts – break-
down calcium mineral = they dissolve bone
tissue = Bone Resorption
•
* Enamel of a tooth – hardest substance in the
body
•
* In real life if you break a bone, it bleeds
•
* When a woman reaches 50, the ovaries stop
working, the ovaries stop secreting estrogen
•
- the osteoblasts would secrete less calcium
but the osteoclasts would still breakdown
calcium
Bone Tissue Picture
Femur Bone Picture
Histology Art (Bone)
Histology Art (Bone)
Compact Bone Picture
Spongy (Cancellous) Tissue
•
Bone is strong but not that strong wherein we
cannot move anymore that is why we have
compact and spongy parts of a bone
Tibia Picture
Tibia
•
Ends of a bone – Epiphysis ( E means ends)
•
Shaft of the bone – Diaphysis
•
The long bone is covered with periosteum
•
Periosteum – covering of the bone
•
- regularly arranged dense fibrous connective
tissue
•
Compact bone where bone cells (osteocytes)
are arranged in concentric rings
Haversian system picture
Haversian canal picture
•
f. General Structure of Bones
•
The types of bones:
•
A. long bone
•
B. short bone
•
C. flat bone
•
D. irregular bone
Pictures of long bones
Picture of short bone (phalanges)
Flat bone (skull bone) – occipital bone
Irregular bone (Vertebra)
Structures of Long Bones
•
(a) Diaphysis – shaft of the bone
•
(b) Epiphysis
•
(1) proximal epiphysis
•
(2) distal epiphysis
•
(3) epiphyseal plates (line) – location of
ossifying cartilage prior to completion of bone
growth
•
(c) Medullary (Marrow) Cavity
•
(1) Red Marrow – filled with bunch of blood,
actively producing blood cells
•
(2) Yellow Marrow – filled with fat and not
producing blood cells
* Red marrow is found at the epiphyseal ends of
long bones such as femur
•
By the time you are 26-25 – it is now filled
with yellow marrow
•
Sternum, vertebrae, ribs – filled with red
marrow until adulthood
•
Limbs – 20-25, marrow cavities become fatty
Structure of a Flat Bone (picture of
parietal bone)
Picture of parietal bone
•
With outer compact bone and inner spongy
bone
Histological picture of flat bone
•
These are the parts (periosteum, compact
bone, spongy (cancellous) bone
Embryologic development of bones
•
(1) Long Bones: Endochondral Bone Formation
Picture
•
Long Bones develop out of cartilage
•
(2) Flat Bones: intramembranous bone
formation picture
(1) Long Bones
•
(a) mesodermal cells – all connective tissues
come from mesoderm
•
(b) cartilage (Hyaline) or chondrocytes
•
(c) middle of the humerus – starts to change
to bone tissue (picture)
•
- primary ossification center
•
(d) an artery would grow into the primary
ossification center
•
(e) the diaphysis becomes bone tissue – the
primary and distal ends would become bone
tissue or now becomes the secondary
ossification center
•
- the last remaining parts would be hyaline
cartilage – are now called epiphyseal plates or
growth plates
•
* Bone grows in width and cartilage grows in
length and width
Bones of the epiphysis and diaphysis
picture
Epiphyseal plates or growth plates
picture
•
It is the hyaline cartilage that allows us to
grow taller, once the hyaline cartilage would
change in our body we can no longer grow
Pictures of
•
Zone of resting cartilage
•
Zone of proliferating cartilage – growth zone
•
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
2 hormones stimulate the growth of
cartilage at the epiphyseal plates
•
(1) growth hormone
•
(2) testosterone – promotes lengthening of
the bone that is why men are generally taller
than women (example brother and sister)
X-ray picture of a femur, tibia
•
Adult – femur is thicker/wider
•
Child – looks like broken in the tibia as well as
the femur, that is where cartilage is, x-rays go
through cartilage and not bone
•
If parents are concerned about their child is
not growing anymore the medical doctors
would look into the cartilage, then if he if
there is little cartilage then they would
measure the growth hormones
•
If you see growth plates, you would know that
the person is a child
(3) Flat Bones – Intramembranous
Bone Formation
•
What will become skull bone starts out as
mesodermal cells or mesenchymal cells –
becomes fibroblasts – secrete collagen protein
– dense fibrous connective tissue – fibroblasts
and collagen – then starts ossification turning
into bone
•
In summary – mesodermal cells – fibroblasts –
ossification – bone tissue
•
Fetal skull – fontanels – made up of dense
fibrous connective tissue
•
What is the difference between flat and long
bones?
•
Long bones – mesoderm – cartilage – bone –
endochondral bone formation
•
Flat bones/skull bones – mesoderm – fibrous
connective tissue – bone
•
The difference is cartilage or fibrous
connective tissue in the intermediate stage
•
By the time children are 2 years old they
pretty much have a hard skull
(4) Hemopoietic Tissues: Blood and
Lymph
•
(a) cells present:
•
(1) Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
•
- transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
•
(2) White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
•
(a) produce antibodies and interferon that
inactivate foreign agents
•
(b) phagocytic (engulf) foreign agents
•
(3) Blood platelets
•
- produce thromboplastin which triggers blood
clotting
•
(b) intercellular matter: Plasma
•
(1) water (92%)
•
(2) plasma proteins (7%)
•
- most synthesized by liver cells
•
Blood is cells and the stuff between cells is
plasma
•
Tumors (Neoplasms)
•
A. Types
•
1. Benign Tumors – increased multiplication of
tissue cells
•
2. Malignant Tumors (cancers)
•
a. characteristics
•
(1) increased multiplication of tissue cells
•
(2) the abnormal cells exhibit metastasis
(migration)
•
B. treatment:
•
(1) surgery
•
(2) radiation
•
(3) chemotherapy
We categorized cancer based on the
tissue where they come from
•
Carcinoma – cancer coming from epithelial
tissues and this is where most cancers
originate
•
Leukemia – from white blood cells
•
Sarcoma – cancer that originates from
connective tissues
Connective tissues play a crucial role in supporting and connecting various tissues in the body. They are highly vascularized and develop only from mesoderm during embryonic origin. Consisting of cells and intercellular matter secreted by the cells, these tissues are categorized based on cell types and intercellular matter present. Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue, a common type, includes fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells. They contain protein gel with collagen and elastin fibers, providing strength and elasticity. Local inflammation processes involve the dilation of blood vessels, increased permeability, and pain stimulation.
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Presentation Transcript
General Characteristics 1. Embryologic origin develop only from mesoderm 2. the connective tissues consist of cells and intercellular matter secreted by the cells 3. connective tissues are highly vascularized 4. generally function to connect and support the other tissues of the body
Classification of Connective Tissues 1. based on the type of cell or cells 2. based on the type of intercellular matter found between the cells
Types of Connective Tissue 1. Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue a. cells present (1) fibroblasts - principal type of cell - secrete proteins into the spaces between the cells (2) macrophages big eater, swallow bacteria, viruses engulf foreign agents
(3) mast cells secrete histamine & other chemical mediators of inflammation
Local Inflammation (1) local dilation of blood vessels = erythema (in the injured area) (2) local increased permeability of blood vessels = swelling (edema) - more leaky (3) local stimulation of pain fibers = pain
b. intercellular matter (1) protein gel (much like Jello ) containing protein fibers (a) collagen protein fibers confer strength to the tissue (b) elastin protein fibers confer elasticity to the tissue (2) All proteins are synthesized and secreted by the fibroblasts
c. Areolar connective tissue is the most widely distributed tissue in the body serving to support and nourish (via the blood vessels) the other tissues of the body
Adipose (Fat Tissue) a. Cells present - closely packed adipose (fat) cells, each containing a large fat-filled vacuole b. Intercellular Matter: - small amount of protein fibers, secreted by the fat cells c. Adipose tissue provides a reservoir of food (for energy), insulates against heat loss, supports and protects the organs it encloses
Fat Tissue (Adipose) Location (1) under the skin (subcutaneous fat) (2) around the kidneys and eyeballs (3) buttocks and breasts Fat cells secrete a little bit of collagen
3. Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue a) cells present - fibroblasts b) intercellular matter - principally collagen protein fibers, secreted by the fibroblasts, which confers strength to the tissue c) there are 2 sub-types of Dense Fibrous Connective tissue based upon how the protein fibers are arranged
Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue Is simpler than areolar connective tissue Contains fibroblasts and collagen
2 types of Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue 1. Dense Regularly-Arranged Fibrous Connective Tissue collagen is arranged in one direction so it means it is really strong in one direction 2. Dense Irregularly-Arranged Fibrous Connective Tissue the collagen is running all around so it is relatively strong in all directions
Dense Regularly-Arranged Fibrous Connective Tissue
Dense Irregularly-Arranged Fibrous Connective Tissue
(1) Regularly Arranged Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue (a) the protein fibers are arranged in parallel bundles (b) locations: (1) tendons cords that connect muscles to bones (2) ligaments cords that connect bones together * it is the collagen that makes them strong
Other locations for regularly arranged dense fibrous connective tissue (3) dura mater fibrous connective tissue that encloses the brain and spinal cord - tough mother - it is one of the layers around the brain and spinal cord (4) fascia fibrous connective tissue that encloses muscles (5) perichondrium and periosteum fibrous connective tissue that encloses cartilage and bones
Irregularly Arranged Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue (a) the protein fibers are interwoven, running in all directions (b) location: (1) dermis of the skin (2) scar tissue
Stratified Squamous Non Keratinized Epithelium
4. Cartilage unusual connective tissue - no blood vessels, that is why they do not heal very well a. cells present: - chondrocytes, usually arranged in groupings of 2 to 4 cells, surrounded by a pocket of fluid called a lacuna b. intercellular matter: - protein gel (much like Jello ) containing protein fibers
c. cartilage contains no blood vessels (non- vascular), and is thus an exception to the general pattern of connective tissue d. cartilage tissue is capable of growing in both length and width (thickness) e. there are 3 sub-types of cartilage (based upon the nature of the intercellular matter):
(1) Hyaline Cartilage (a) the intercellular matter is made up of a gel membrane with collagen protein fibers (secreted by the chondrocytes) (b) locations (1) the embryonic lung bones of the body (2) front of the nose (3) the trachea & larynx
(2) Fibrocartilage (a) the intercellular matter is made-up of a gel containing large bundles of collagen protein fibers (b) locations: - the intervertebral disks
(3) Elastic Cartilage (a) the intercellular matter is made up of a gel containing elastin protein fibers (b) locations the external ear * Hardest is bone followed by fibrocartilage
Bone Tissue a. cells present - osteocytes, each surrounded by a pocket of fluid called a lacuna b. intercellular matter: (1) calcium salts (calcium phosphate & calcium carbonate) or (Ca(PO4)2 & CaCO3) (2) collagen protein fibers interwoven in the calcium salts
c. bone tissues are highly vascularized d. bone tissue is only capable of growing in width (thickness) e. there are 3 subtypes of Bone Tissue (based upon its organization):
a. Compact Bone need to recognize under a microscope - the osteocytes are arranged in concentric circles, called Haversian Systems b. Spongy (Cancellous) Bone Tissue - the osteocytes are arranged in a spongy network
