Comprehensive Guide to Redirection, Pipelines, and Patterns in Linux Command Line
The Linux
Command Line
Chapter 6
Redirection
Prepared by Dr. Reyes, New York City College of Technology
Outline
•
Redirection
•
Pipelines
•
Patterns
•
Expansions
•
Shell Arithmetic
•
Brace Expansion
•
Escape
Characters
Redirection
•
stdout
– default output stream
•
To redirect output from
stdout
use >
o
ls -l /usr/bin > ls-output.txt
o
This will create a file named ls-output.txt containing the output of the
command at the left hand side of >
•
To redirect and append use >>
o
ls -l /usr/bin >> ls-output.txt
o
This will append the output of the command at the left hand side of >> to
the file ls-output.txt, create it if it does not exist.
Redirection
•
cat
– reads one or more files and copies them to
standard output
o
Syntax
o
Example
•
To redirect
input
use <
o
Example
Pipelines
•
Pipelines allows you to redirect the output of one
command and pipe it as input to another
•
The operator is the vertical bar |
o
Usage: command1 | command2 | … | commandN
o
ls -l /usr/bin
|
less
Filters
•
sort
– sorts the input
o
ls /bin /usr/bin |
sort
| less
•
uniq
– removes duplicates
o
ls /bin /usr/bin | sort |
uniq
| less
o
ls /bin /usr/bin | sort |
uniq
-d | less
•
wc
-
command used to display the number of lines,
words, and bytes contained in files.
o
wc
ls-output.txt
Patterns
•
grep
– a powerful program that allows you to find text patterns
within files. When grep finds the pattern, it prints out the lines
containing it.
o
ls /bin /usr/bin | sort | uniq |
grep
zip
•
head
- prints the first 10 lines of a file
o
head
ls-output.txt
o
head
-n 5 ls-output.txt
•
tail
- prints the last 10 lines of a file
o
tail
ls-output.txt
o
tail
-n 5 ls-output.txt
o
tail
-f /var/log/messages
•
Special command used for real-time monitoring, exit with ctrl+C
•
tee
- reads standard input and copies it to both standard output
and to one or more files
o
ls /usr/bin | tee ls.txt
o
ls /usr/bin | tee ls.txt | grep zip
This comprehensive guide covers the use of redirection, pipelines, filters, and patterns in the Linux command line. Learn how to redirect output, use pipelines to pass output between commands, apply filters like sort and uniq, search for patterns using grep, and more. Gain a deeper understanding of these essential concepts for efficient command line usage.
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Presentation Transcript
The Linux Command Line Chapter 6 Redirection Prepared by Dr. Reyes, New York City College of Technology
Outline Redirection Pipelines Patterns Expansions Shell Arithmetic Brace Expansion Escape Characters
Redirection stdout default output stream To redirect output from stdout use > o ls -l /usr/bin > ls-output.txt o This will create a file named ls-output.txt containing the output of the command at the left hand side of > To redirect and append use >> o ls -l /usr/bin >> ls-output.txt o This will append the output of the command at the left hand side of >> to the file ls-output.txt, create it if it does not exist.
Redirection cat reads one or more files and copies them to standard output o Syntax o Example To redirect input use < o Example
Pipelines Pipelines allows you to redirect the output of one command and pipe it as input to another The operator is the vertical bar | o Usage: command1 | command2 | | commandN o ls -l /usr/bin | less
Filters sort sorts the input o ls /bin /usr/bin | sort | less uniq removes duplicates o ls /bin /usr/bin | sort | uniq | less o ls /bin /usr/bin | sort | uniq -d | less wc - command used to display the number of lines, words, and bytes contained in files. o wc ls-output.txt
Patterns grep a powerful program that allows you to find text patterns within files. When grep finds the pattern, it prints out the lines containing it. o ls /bin /usr/bin | sort | uniq | grep zip head - prints the first 10 lines of a file o head ls-output.txt o head -n 5 ls-output.txt tail - prints the last 10 lines of a file o tail ls-output.txt o tail -n 5 ls-output.txt o tail -f /var/log/messages Special command used for real-time monitoring, exit with ctrl+C tee - reads standard input and copies it to both standard output and to one or more files o ls /usr/bin | tee ls.txt o ls /usr/bin | tee ls.txt | grep zip
