Comparative Study of Apprenticeship Systems in VET: England vs Germany
T
HE
INFLUENCE
OF
A
PPRENTICESHIP
S
YSTEMS
ON
PROFESSIONALIZATION
.
Findings of a qualitative comparative study of the
VET in England and Germany.
Erika E. Gericke, M.A.
Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Germany
C
ONTENT
1.
Changes of the Working World and its Effects on
European VET Systems
2.
Research Questions
3.
Methodology and Qualitative Research Design
4.
Findings
1.
Three Patterns of biographical orientations
towards occupation
2.
The Role of the English and German VET System
5.
Conclusion and Discussion
2
1. C
HANGES
OF
THE
W
ORKING
W
ORLD
AND
ITS
E
FFECTS
ON
E
UROPEAN
VET P
OLICY
Macro-societal change:
Increased individualization
Increased globalisation
European VET policy:
Bruge/Copenhagen process
In Germany discussion and reform of the occupation
principle (Berufsprinzip)
3
2.
R
ESEARCH
Q
UESTIONS
Which biographical orientations towards occupation do
English and German car mechatronics develop?
How do a fragmented (i.e. England) VET system and a
holistic (i.e. Germany) VET system influence the
development of the biographical orientations towards
occupation ?
Term biographical orientations towards occupation
A concept which captures the process character
A concept which links both levels: structure and action
4
3
. M
ETHODOLOGY
AND
Q
UALITATIVE
R
ESEARCH
D
ESIGN
(I)
Grounded Theory methodology (cf. Strauss/ Corbin 1990)
Survey instrument: autobiographic-narrative interview (cf.
Schütze 1981, 1983)
Analysis instruments:
Narrative analyses (cf. Schütze 1983) for 1
st
question
Grounded theory (cf. Strauss/ Corbin 1990) for 2
nd
research question
5
3
. M
ETHODOLOGY
AND
Q
UALITATIVE
R
ESEARCH
D
ESIGN
(II)
Sample in general:
Automobile industry
Car mechatronic
Sample in specific:
Informant have been working in their occupation for at
least 3 years
German informants have completed their
apprenticeship successfully
Informants aged between 30 and 67 years old
6
4. F
INDINGS
4.1 T
HREE
P
ATTERNS
Question: Which biographical orientations towards
occupation do English and German car mechatronics
develop?
Reconstruction of three patterns of biographical
orientations towards occupation, valid for both English and
German car mechatronics:
‘strategic use of VET institutions’
‘drawing border regarding the work field’
‘passionate handling’
7
4. F
INDINGS
4.2 I
NFLUENCE
OF
THE
NATIONAL
VET S
YSTEM
(I)
Question: How do a fragmented (i.e. England) VET system
and a holistic (i.e. Germany) VET system influence the
development of the biographical orientations towards
occupation?
Reconstruction of the subjective perception of the VET
system having
certain institutional conditions have to exist in order to
choose the ‘right’ occupation
thus completing the
apprenticeship successfully & having a smooth
transition to the labour market.
8
4. F
INDINGS
4.2 I
NFLUENCE
OF
THE
NATIONAL
VET S
YSTEM
(II)
These institutional conditions which are given in the
German but surprisingly not in the English context are:
family addressing/ discussing the issue of choosing an
occupation
school curriculum which includes the issue of vocational
training by
providing information about occupations or organizing a trip to
the information centre and
by providing the opportunity to get to know occupations hands-
on via work-placements
up-to-date teachers, trainers and college equipment as
well as a balanced theoretical and practical input.
9
4. F
INDINGS
4.2 I
NFLUENCE
OF
THE
NATIONAL
VET S
YSTEM
(III)
Transition school-VET
Direct entry & family-related gatekeeper
Period of unemployment & choosing occupation arbitrarily
Subjective Perception of the VET
Dual System, good
Different types of VET, improvable
Subjective Perception of the national technical culture
Automobile as a quasi-organism; workshop industry: all-rounder
Automobile as a quasi-organism; workshop industry: single units
10
5. C
ONCLUSION
AND
D
ISCUSSION
English and German car mechatronics follow one of the
three reconstructed patterns of biographical orientations
towards occupation
In spite of the different national institutional conditions.
The difference is that it takes the English car
mechatronics longer and with personal costs to ‘arrive’ at
one of the three patterns
.
The VET system influences the development process of
biographical orientations toward occupation.
However, the concern of some German scientists that
replacing broad vocational qualifications with partial
qualifications will hinder the development of a holistic
occupational self-conception has been refuted with this
study.
11
R
EFERENCES
Beck, U. 2003, Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne.
Sonderausgabe zum 40jährigen Bestehen der edition Suhrkamp 2003.
Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Drexel, I. 2011, Berufsprinzip oder Modulprinzip? Zur künftigen Struktur
beruflicher Bildung in Deutschland. In: Verband der Lehrerinnen und Lehrer
an Berufskollegs NW (Hg.), Berufskollegs stärken heißt die berufliche Bildung
zu stärken. Online verfügbar unter http://www.anti-
bertelsmann.de/berufsbildung/20082009/Berufsprinzip%20oder%20Modulprinz
ip%20-%20Aufsatz%20VLBS.pdf, accessed on 15.08.2011.
Giegel, H.-J., Frank, G., Billerbeck, U. 1988, Industriearbeit und
Selbstbehauptung. Berufsbiograph. Orientierung u. Gesundheitsverhalten in
gefährdeten Lebensverhältnissen. Opladen: Leske + Budrich.
Kuda, E., Strauß, J. 2006, Europäischer Qualifikationsrahmen - Chancen oder
Risiken für Arbeitehmer und ihre berufliche Bildung in Deutschland?
In: WSI
Mitteilungen 2006, Volume 11, 630–637. Online http://www.igmetall-
wap.de/publicdownload/WSI_EQR_Kuda_Strauss.pdf, accessed on 15.08.2011.
Schütze, F. 1983, Biographieforschung und narratives Interview.
In: Neue
Praxis, 13, 283-293.
Strauss, A. L., Corbin, J. M. 1990, Basics of qualitative research, grounded
theory procedures and techniques.
Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
Voß, G. G., Pongratz, H. J. 1998, Der Arbeitskraftunternehmer. Eine neue
Grundform der Ware Arbeitskraft? In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und
Sozialpsychologie 50,131–158.
12
Qualitative comparative study by Erika E. Gericke explores the influence of apprenticeship systems on professionalization in Vocational Education and Training (VET) in England and Germany. Findings delve into biographical orientations towards occupation, the role of VET systems, changes in the working world affecting European VET policies, research questions, methodology, and key patterns identified. The study focuses on car mechatronics within the automobile industry.
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THE INFLUENCE OF APPRENTICESHIP SYSTEMS ON PROFESSIONALIZATION. Findings of a qualitative comparative study of the VET in England and Germany. Erika E. Gericke, M.A. Otto-von-Guericke-Universit t Magdeburg, Germany
CONTENT Changes of the Working World and its Effects on European VET Systems 1. Research Questions 2. Methodology and Qualitative Research Design 3. Findings 1. Three Patterns of biographical orientations towards occupation 2. The Role of the English and German VET System 4. 2 Conclusion and Discussion 5.
1. CHANGES OF THE WORKING WORLD AND ITS EFFECTS ON EUROPEAN VET POLICY Macro-societal change: Increased individualization Increased globalisation European VET policy: Bruge/Copenhagen process In Germany discussion and reform of the occupation principle (Berufsprinzip) 3
2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Which biographical orientations towards occupation do English and German car mechatronics develop? How do a fragmented (i.e. England) VET system and a holistic (i.e. Germany) VET system influence the development of the biographical orientations towards occupation ? Term biographical orientations towards occupation A concept which captures the process character A concept which links both levels: structure and action 4
3. METHODOLOGY AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN (I) Grounded Theory methodology (cf. Strauss/ Corbin 1990) Survey instrument: autobiographic-narrative interview (cf. Sch tze 1981, 1983) Analysis instruments: Narrative analyses (cf. Sch tze 1983) for 1stquestion Grounded theory (cf. Strauss/ Corbin 1990) for 2nd research question 5
3. METHODOLOGY AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN (II) Sample in general: Automobile industry Car mechatronic Sample in specific: Informant have been working in their occupation for at least 3 years German informants have completed their apprenticeship successfully Informants aged between 30 and 67 years old 6
4. FINDINGS 4.1 THREE PATTERNS Question: Which biographical orientations towards occupation do English and German car mechatronics develop? Reconstruction of three patterns of biographical orientations towards occupation, valid for both English and German car mechatronics: strategic use of VET institutions drawing border regarding the work field passionate handling 7
4. FINDINGS 4.2 INFLUENCE OF THE NATIONAL VET SYSTEM (I) Question: How do a fragmented (i.e. England) VET system and a holistic (i.e. Germany) VET system influence the development of the biographical orientations towards occupation? Reconstruction of the subjective perception of the VET system having certain institutional conditions have to exist in order to choose the right occupation thus completing the apprenticeship successfully & having a smooth transition to the labour market. 8
4. FINDINGS 4.2 INFLUENCE OF THE NATIONAL VET SYSTEM (II) These institutional conditions which are given in the German but surprisingly not in the English context are: family addressing/ discussing the issue of choosing an occupation school curriculum which includes the issue of vocational training by providing information about occupations or organizing a trip to the information centre and by providing the opportunity to get to know occupations hands- on via work-placements up-to-date teachers, trainers and college equipment as well as a balanced theoretical and practical input. 9
4. FINDINGS 4.2 INFLUENCE OF THE NATIONAL VET SYSTEM (III) Transition school-VET Direct entry & family-related gatekeeper Period of unemployment & choosing occupation arbitrarily Subjective Perception of the VET Dual System, good Different types of VET, improvable Subjective Perception of the national technical culture Automobile as a quasi-organism; workshop industry: all-rounder Automobile as a quasi-organism; workshop industry: single units 10
5. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION English and German car mechatronics follow one of the three reconstructed patterns of biographical orientations towards occupation In spite of the different national institutional conditions. The difference is that it takes the English car mechatronics longer and with personal costs to arrive at one of the three patterns. The VET system influences the development process of biographical orientations toward occupation. However, the concern of some German scientists that replacing broad vocational qualifications with partial qualifications will hinder the development of a holistic occupational self-conception has been refuted with this study. 11
REFERENCES Beck, U. 2003, Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne. Sonderausgabe zum 40j hrigen Bestehen der edition Suhrkamp 2003. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. Drexel, I. 2011, Berufsprinzip oder Modulprinzip? Zur k nftigen Struktur beruflicher Bildung in Deutschland. In: Verband der Lehrerinnen und Lehrer an Berufskollegs NW (Hg.), Berufskollegs st rken hei t die berufliche Bildung zu st rken. Online verf gbar unter http://www.anti- bertelsmann.de/berufsbildung/20082009/Berufsprinzip%20oder%20Modulprinz ip%20-%20Aufsatz%20VLBS.pdf, accessed on 15.08.2011. Giegel, H.-J., Frank, G., Billerbeck, U. 1988, Industriearbeit und Selbstbehauptung. Berufsbiograph. Orientierung u. Gesundheitsverhalten in gef hrdeten Lebensverh ltnissen. Opladen: Leske + Budrich. Kuda, E., Strau , J. 2006, Europ ischer Qualifikationsrahmen - Chancen oder Risiken f r Arbeitehmer und ihre berufliche Bildung in Deutschland? In: WSI Mitteilungen 2006, Volume 11, 630 637. Online http://www.igmetall- wap.de/publicdownload/WSI_EQR_Kuda_Strauss.pdf, accessed on 15.08.2011. Sch tze, F. 1983, Biographieforschung und narratives Interview. In: Neue Praxis, 13, 283-293. Strauss, A. L., Corbin, J. M. 1990, Basics of qualitative research, grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage. Vo , G. G., Pongratz, H. J. 1998, Der Arbeitskraftunternehmer. Eine neue Grundform der Ware Arbeitskraft? In: K lner Zeitschrift f r Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 50,131 158. 12
