Coding Advancements for IEEE 802.15.4ab Standard
Explore the technical guidance, background, and proposed solutions for advanced coding in the context of the IEEE 802.15.4ab standard. Learn about the potential introduction of non-BCC coding schemes like LDPC and Turbo to enhance data communications, increase throughput, and improve link budgets while ensuring backward compatibility and coexistence with existing devices.
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June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title: Advanced Coding for Data Communications in 802.15.4ab Source: Carlos Aldana (Meta), Jack Zou (Meta) Address : [1 Hacker Way, Menlo Park, CA 94025] E-Mail: [caldana (at) fb.com, jackzou (at) fb.com] Re: Study Group 4ab: UWB Next Generation Abstract: [Advanced coding for 802.15.4ab] Purpose: Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release: The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15. Carlos Aldana
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Technical Guidance [1] PAR Objective Safeguards so that the high throughput data use cases will not cause significant disruption to low duty-cycle ranging use cases. Proposed Solution (how addressed) Interference mitigation techniques to support higher density and higher traffic use cases Other coexistence improvement Backward compatibility with enhanced ranging capable devices (ERDEVs). Improved link budget and/or reduced air-time advanced codes provide improved link budgets Additional channels and operating frequencies Improvements to accuracy / precision / reliability and interoperability for high-integrity ranging; Reduce complexity and power consumption; Hybrid operation with narrowband signaling to assist UWB; Enhanced native discovery and connection setup mechanisms; Sensing capabilities to support presence detection and environment mapping; Low-power low-latency streaming higher data-rate streaming allowing at least 50 Mbit/s of throughput. Support for peer-to-peer, peer-to-multi-peer, and station-to-infrastructure protocols; advanced codes will help enable this use case Infrastructure synchronization mechanisms. Carlos Aldana Slide 2
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Previous Strawpoll Are you in favor of having an optional non-BCC coding scheme (e.g. LDPC, Turbo) introduced in 802.15.4ab? 21 Y 0 N 3 Abstain Carlos Aldana
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Background Current codes defined in 802.15.4 and 802.15.4z are based on BCC Below is BCC K=3 and K=7 performance in AWGN channel Shannon placed an upper bound on code rate for a given BW and SNR, or equivalently a minimum SNR for a given code rate and BW. Shannon limit for rate code using BPSK or QPSK (1 bit/dim) is SNR=Eb/No=0dB. For 1% PER, 3e-7 BER, the 802.15.4 code with K=3 is 9.2dB away from Shannon! Carlos Aldana Slide 4
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Near Shannon Capacity Codes LDPC (Gallagher 1963) [2] shown to reach within 0.0045dB from the Shannon limit [3] amenable to parallelization (better latency) Turbo (Berrou 1993) [4] Polar (Arikan 2008) [5] based on idea of channel polarization Carlos Aldana Slide 5
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab IEEE 802.11n vs Polar codes [6] HW efficiency defined as area per decoded bit 90nm CMOS using standard Dennard scaling laws Area scales as s2 and operating frequency scales as 1/s, where s is the technology feature size Note: BP = belief propagation SC = successive cancellation Note: BP = belief propagation SC = successive cancellation SCL = successive cancellation list SCL = successive cancellation list Polar Decoders are not as HW efficient as LDPC decoders Carlos Aldana
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Polar vs 3GPP Turbo Results Error floor associated with 3GPP LTE Turbo codes due to some combination of block size and coding rate, rate matching module leads to bad interactions between puncturing and interleaving in the turbo encoder structure . With low Hamming weights, small amounts of channel noise can induce the decoder to make completely wrong decisions, resulting in very high block error rates [7] Becomes worse at higher code rates [8] Y-axis : FER Carlos Aldana
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Survey of LDPC vs Turbo Decoders Assume power scales as s, where s is the technology feature size ATBF = adaptive threshold bit flipping Improvements in process technology will only reduce these area and power numbers Carlos Aldana Slide 8
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab 802.11n LDPC vs 3GPP Turbo 802.11n LDPC Gunnam, Choi (2dB from cap) .09 3GPP Turbo Wong, Lee, Chang (1.5 dB from cap) 0.2 Area (28nm) [mm2] Power (28nm) [mW] 51 68 K,N, rate 972,1944, 1/2 6144, 18432, 1/3 Eb/No operating point (1e-4 PER) SNR (dB) operating point 2dB 0.9 dB 2dB -0.86 dB Carlos Aldana Slide 9
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Simulation Scenario AWGN channel Floating point sims Soft decisions LDPC (rate ) uses layer belief propagation with offset min-sum approximations with variable number of iterations Turbo (3GPP, rate 1/3) uses max-log-MAP with 8 iterations Polar (3GPP,UL, rate 1/2) uses L=8 list length, nmax = 10 (nmax is upper bound on mother code length) Carlos Aldana Slide 10
June 2022 Performance for different codes doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Error floor concern for turbo codes, even with floating point simulations Inferior BER performance for Polar codes vs LDPC Carlos Aldana Slide 11
June 2022 Baseline IEEE 802.11n LDPC vs BCC in AWGN doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Payload (bytes) 40.5 81 121.5 1458 3888 LDPC gain (dB) 1.68 2.18 2.4 2.89 3.07 LDPC gains increase as payload size increases Carlos Aldana Slide 12
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab LDPC on short codewords It is now found there are gains to be had from LDPC even on short data blocks. In fact, the shorter the block length, the larger the gain. 3 802.11n block lengths are considered 648, 1296, 1944 Carlos Aldana Slide 13
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab LDPC 648 on short payload K <= 324 Step 1: Encoder finds parity bits by appending zeros to K information bits K information Bits 324-K zeros 324 parity bits Step 2: Ignore 324-K zeros at TX and send K information bits along with 324 parity bits. Note: Coding rate becomes K/(K+324) K information Bits 324 parity bits Carlos Aldana Slide 14
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab LDPC 1296 on short payload K <= 648 Step 1: Encoder finds parity bits by appending zeros to K information bits K information Bits 648-K zeros 648 parity bits Step 2: Ignore 648-K zeros at TX and send K information bits along with 648 parity bits. Note: Coding rate becomes K/(K+648) K information Bits 648 parity bits Carlos Aldana Slide 15
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab LDPC 1944 on short payload K <= 972 Step 1: Encoder finds parity bits by appending zeros to K information bits K information Bits 972-K zeros 972 parity bits Step 2: Ignore 972-K zeros at TX and send K information bits along with 972 parity bits. Note: Coding rate becomes K/(K+972) Bits 972 parity bits K information Carlos Aldana Slide 16
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Coding Rate vs Num bytes For rate code, Shannon bound is at 0 dB. For PAM constellations, SNR(dB)>=10log10 (22r -1), where r is the code rate. For rate 1/12 code, Shannon bound is at -9 dB. A 9 dB improvement is achievable by lowering the code rate below 1/12. This may be possible using the current rate LDPC codes for short payloads. Carlos Aldana Slide 17
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab LDPC decoder The LDPC decoder is trying to determine whether H*cT = 0 The parity bits were acquired assuming that zeros in the data were transmitted. The N/2-K zeros that were ignored at the TX are not ignored at the RX. By setting the LLRs of the zeros to a high value, the certainty of the zeros is shared across multiple equations. Carlos Aldana Slide 18
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Is a ~9 dB SNR gain possible with IEEE 802.11n LDPC codes in AWGN? Carlos Aldana
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Simulation Assumptions Payload at the PHY level is under consideration 30 LDPC iterations Offset min-sum approx. for LDPC Nsync = 64 preamble symbols using length 91 code NSFD = 8 symbols Sync + SFD duration is 52.5us PHR (25 bits) sent at same symbol rate as data 6 tail bits added to CL7 BCC Carlos Aldana Slide 20
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab 100 bytes Packet Duration (us) /Gating gain penalty/Net Gain CL7 BCC (us) 1944 LDPC (us) Gating gain penalty (dB) Net gain (dB) 7.8 Mbps 159 169.3 0.3 2.5 31.2 Mbps 79.1 81.7 0.14 2.66 62.4 Mbps 65.8 67.1 0.08 2.72 124.8 Mbps 59.2 59.8 0.05 2.75 2.8 dB gain from using 1944 code (without gating gain taken into account) Carlos Aldana Slide 21
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab 40 bytes Packet Duration (us) CL7 BCC (us) 1944 LDPC (us) 648 LDPC (us) 7.8 Mbps 97.5 138.5 97 31.2 Mbps 63.7 74 63.6 62.4 Mbps 58.1 63.3 58.1 124.8 Mbps 55.3 57.9 55.3 Gating gain (GG) loss and Net gain GG(dB) from 1944 LDPC Net gain (dB) 7.8 Mbps 1.53 3.57 31.2 Mbps 0.65 4.45 62.4 Mbps 0.37 4.73 124.8 Mbps 0.2 4.9 5.1 dB gain from using 1944 code Carlos Aldana Slide 22
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab 30 bytes Packet Duration (us) CL7 BCC (us) 1944 LDPC (us) 648 LDPC (us) 7.8 Mbps 87.2 133.4 91.9 31.2 Mbps 61.2 72.7 62.3 62.4 Mbps 56.8 62.6 57.4 124.8 Mbps 54.7 57.6 55 Gating gain (GG) loss and Net gain GG(dB) from 1944 LDPC Net gain (dB) 7.8 Mbps 1.84 4.06 31.2 Mbps 0.75 5.15 62.4 Mbps 0.42 5.48 5.9 dB gain from using 1944 code 124.8 Mbps 0.22 5.68 Carlos Aldana Slide 23
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab 10 bytes Packet Duration (us) CL7 BCC (us) 1944 LDPC (us) 648 LDPC (us) 7.8 Mbps 66.7 123.1 81.6 31.2 Mbps 56.1 70.2 59.8 62.4 Mbps 54.3 61.3 56.1 124.8 Mbps 53.4 56.9 54.3 Gating gain (GG) loss and Net gain GG(dB) from 1944 LDPC Net gain (dB) 7.8 Mbps 2.66 5.04 31.2 Mbps 0.97 6.73 62.4 Mbps 0.53 7.17 7.7 dB gain from using 1944 code 124.8 Mbps 0.28 7.42 Carlos Aldana Slide 24
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab 5 bytes Packet Duration (us) CL7 BCC (us) 1944 LDPC (us) 648 LDPC (us) 7.8 Mbps 61.6 120.6 79 31.2 Mbps 54.8 69.5 59.1 62.4 Mbps 53.6 61 55.8 124.8 Mbps 53.1 56.8 54.2 Gating gain (GG) loss and Net gain GG(dB) from 1944 LDPC Net gain (dB) 7.8 Mbps 2.92 6.38 31.2 Mbps 1.04 8.26 62.4 Mbps 0.56 8.74 124.8 Mbps 0.29 9.01 9.3 dB gain from using 1944 code Carlos Aldana Slide 25
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab How about Eb/No? Carlos Aldana
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Performance on short payloads (Eb/No) Energy per bit penalty of (K+324)/(2K) SNR = Eb/No * rho, where rho is effective # bits per 2D For short payload LDPC, rho = 2*K/(K+324) For K=7 BCC with r=1/2, rho = K/(K+6) due to 6 tail bits Payload size Eb/No penalty (LDPC) Eb/No penalty (BCC) due to 6 tail bits https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/calendar.html 5 bytes 6.58 dB 0.61 dB 6 bytes 5.88 dB 0.51 dB 7 bytes 5.31 dB 0.44 dB Carlos Aldana Slide 27
June 2022 How about other payload sizes? doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Payload Size (bytes) Possible LDPC Codeword Recommendation 648 1296 1944 <=20 >20 and <=31 >31 Carlos Aldana Slide 28
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Conclusions LDPC was successfully introduced in 802.11n [12] and 5G NR as well as other standard bodies (e.g., 802.15.3c, 802.11ad/ay, 802.16e, 802.3an, and DVB- S2) and is a mature technology that should be considered in IEEE 802.15.4ab LDPC provides substantial coding gains for both long and short payloads For short payloads, LDPC gains improve with higher data rates LDPC could potentially replace BCC LDPC decoder could have both small area and low power in <=28nm CMOS Carlos Aldana
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Strawpoll Are you in favor of having the capability of sending all the parity bits using the rate IEEE 802.11n LDPC code and achieving < coding rate? Y N Abstain Carlos Aldana
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab References [1] 15-21-297-01 15.4.ab Technical Guidance Doc [2] R.G. Gallagher, Low-Density Parity-Check Codes . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press, 1963. [3] Chung, et al, On the design of low-density parity-check codes within 0.0045dB of the Shannon limit , IEEE Commun. Letters, vol. 5, no.2, pp.58-60, February 2001. [4] Berrou, et al, Near Shannon Limit Error Correcting coding and decoding : Turbo Codes , Proceedings of ICC 93 IEEE International Conference on Communications [5] Arikan, A performance comparison of polar codes and Reed-Muller codes , IEEE Communications Letters, 2008, vol. 12, issue 6. [6] Balatsoukas-Stimming, Giard, Burg, Comparison of Polar Decoders with Existing Low-Density Parity-Check and Turbo Decoders , 2017 IEEE WCNC [7] J.-F. Cheng, A. Nimbalker, Y. Blankenship, B. Classon, and T. Blankenship, Analysis of circular buffer rate matching for LTE turbo code, in Proc. IEEE 68th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2008-Fall), Calgary, Canada, Sept. 2008. [8] 3GPP R1-164359 [9] Chen, Dholakia, Eleftheriou, Fossorier, Hu, Reduced-complexity decoding of LDPC codes , IEEE Trans. On Communications, vol 53, pp. 1288-1299, Aug 2005. [10] Hui, Sandberg, Blankenship, Andersson, Grosjean, Channel Coding in 5G New Radio: A Tutorial Overview and Performance Comparison with 4G LTE , in IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 13, Issue #4. [11] 3GPP R1-1610600 [12] IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs WWiSE Proposal: High Throughput Extension to the 802.11 Standard, IEEE 11-04-0886-06-000n, 2005 Carlos Aldana
June 2022 Early Stopping criterion for LDPC Kienle, Wehn Low complexity stopping criterion for LDPC code decoders ,VTC 05 Li, You, Early stopping for LDPC decoding: convergence of mean magnitude (CMM) 2006 Cui, Chen An efficient early stopping scheme for LDPC decoding , 2007 Shin, et al., A Stopping Criterion for LDPC , VTC 07 Chen, et al., A Channel-Adaptive Early Termination Strategy for LDPC Decoders , 2009 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Carlos Aldana Slide 32
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Appendix Carlos Aldana
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab LDPC in 5G NR [10] Allows for HARQ operation using incremental redundancy 2 block sizes : 8448 and 3840, 51 PCMs for each base matrix Full results can be found in [11] Parameter Base Matrix 1 Base Matrix 2 Min code rate 1/3 1/5 Max information block size 8448 3840 Carlos Aldana
June 2022 doc.: IEEE 15-21-0506-03-04ab Performance on short payloads (SNR) https://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/calendar.html There is a 6dB gain from using LDPC 648 on 5 bytes of data Payload sizes as low as 5 bytes benefit from LDPC when compared with K=7 BCC Carlos Aldana Slide 35
